home Useful All verbal nouns. What nouns are verbal, how to distinguish them? See what a "Verbal noun" is in other dictionaries

All verbal nouns. What nouns are verbal, how to distinguish them? See what a "Verbal noun" is in other dictionaries

In business speech, to express action, constructions from a verbal noun with the meaning of action and a semi-descriptive verb are extremely actively used instead of a simple verb form, for example:

"Assist", not "assist"

"Help", not "help"

"Clean up", not "clean up"

"Register", not "register"

"Provide support" rather than "support"

“Make repairs”, not “repair”.

Experts call this phenomenon "predicate splitting." The content of the document is always a managerial action aimed at a specific object, and under these conditions, a phrase from a verbal noun and a semi-descriptive verb not only calls the action ("to perform"), but also denotes the subject of this action ("repair"), while one the verb ("to repair") means it in a less pronounced form.

Limited use of personal verbs

Written business communication is characterized by an impersonal (impersonal) character of the text presentation, that is, the use of verbs in the form of the first and second person is limited, and verbs in the form of the third person, as a rule, are used in an indefinitely personal meaning: “ the commission checked and found ... "" the act was signed by the members of the commission and approved by the management. "

This also explains the predominance of passive constructions over the forms of the active voice, for example:

"The project provides for the construction of a building that meets international standards" (instead of: "The project provides ..."); "Moscow organizations will supply electromechanical equipment to Hungary" (instead of: "Moscow organizations will supply ...")

“The possibility of liquidating the joint venture is being studied by the Department of External Relations of the Moscow Government” (instead of: “The Department of External Relations of the Moscow Government is working on ...”).

Building sentences

A feature of the business style is the predominant use of simple common sentences, one-part or two-part, with separate turns, for example:

“Due to the extremely low efficiency of the use of city property contributed to the statutory fund of the MIO JV, as well as in connection with the insufficient workload of the motor vehicle fleet and its unprofitableness, we ask you to resolve the issue of transferring the share of the city (the Property Fund has been registered since March 1993 as one from the founders of the joint venture) to the Financial and Economic Department of the City Hall "

“Having reliable information about the large vacant areas of federal subordination in a number of Moscow districts, which are not involved in corporatization and a sharp reduction in the number of staff, we consider it advisable to use such premises for the placement of federal structures according to the decisions of higher authorities.”

Such sentences, as a rule, contain participial and adverbial phrases, introductory words and phrases, clarifying circumstances, applications, additions. If a sentence is one-piece (there is no subject, there is only a predicate, denoting a key action), then it is usually built according to the following scheme: the motivating part (justification) - the key action - the subject of the action.

If the sentence is two-part (there is both a subject and a predicate), then the sentence can be built according to the same basic scheme, but the designation of the key action will be preceded by the indication of the subject of the action (subject); the subject can be placed at the beginning of the text, for example:

"The specified fixed assets contributed to the statutory fund of the joint venture, after its liquidation, will be transferred to the balance of the Financial and Economic Department of the City Hall for the organization of servicing the fleet of the City Hall and the Administration of the Moscow Region"

“In accordance with your request, the department has considered the possibility of providing non-residential premises to the Russian news agency Novosti for the placement of the newly organized magazine Russia.

In business speech, complex non-union and complex sentences are often used with the meanings of reasons, conditions, goals, explanatory and determinative:

“At the same time we inform (main sentence), that at present, a draft order of the Government of the Russian Federation has been prepared on setting tariffs for electricity supplied to agricultural consumers for production needs at the level of average costs with minimum profitability (subordinate clause sentence)"

“Provided that thin-walled steel pipes are coated with reliable internal and external corrosion-resistant coatings (subordinate clause), we consider it permissible to use them when laying closed irrigation networks in the Non-Black Earth Zone Russian Federation(main proposal) ".

The place of the subordinate clause in the main clause depends on which member of the main clause it explains:

If a subordinate clause explains any word of the main one, it, as a rule, follows immediately after this word;

If the subordinate clause refers to the entire main sentence or to the predicate group, then it is placed before the main one if the circumstances of the action are accentuated, or after the main one, if it explains the main idea of the sentence.

Instead of:

which are located in use of US-2, please transfer the OKS.

Buildings, structures, equipment and the adjacent territory of the mortar unit, located in use of US-2, please transfer the OKS.

It is not allowed to combine participial and adverbial expressions with subordinate clauses as homogeneous members of a sentence.

Not properly:

Considering that the project on Pushkinskaya Square is one of the first major projects, which are financed European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, we ask you to consider the issue of granting some benefits to Turkish and Russian partners implementing this project.

Right:

Considering that the project on Pushkinskaya Square is one of the first major projects, financed European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, we ask you to consider the issue of granting some benefits to Turkish and Russian partners implementing this project.

When using adverbial expressions, it should be remembered that the adverbial participle should always be associated with a noun denoting the character, the subject of the action, and in no case with the object.

Not properly:

Evaluating the results of the department's work, it has a high percentage of implemented developments.

Right:

Evaluating the results of the department's work, we note a high percentage of implemented developments.

A special type of sentences in business speech are complex classified enumerations, which make it possible to formalize the transfer of the same type of information by language means:

“When working on this issue, the editors formulated specific requirements for the allocated premises:

It should not be located at the level of one floor; it should have at least two halls with an area of 35-40 sq. m each for placing computer equipment;

Must have at least 16 rooms for 2-3 people. each and one meeting room;

The premises should not require renovation; a number of technical premises are needed ”.

Verbal noun (Verbal noun) – a special kind typical for many languages. In Russian, these are nouns such as run(from run away), singing(from sing) other. These nouns are formed either by truncation (run-run) either in a suffix way (sing-sing).

Verbs and verbal nouns are two parts of speech that have a procedural connotation in their semantics (meaning): a verb denotes an action, a process, or the absence of an action, and a verbal noun denotes the result of an action.

Formation of verbal nouns

Verbal nouns have different forms of formation. The first and most productive of these is adding flexion. – ing to the stem of the verb:

Verb	Verbal noun
to read	reading
to smoke	smoking
to break	breaking
to sit	sitting
to begin	beginning
to be	being
to wait	waiting
to swim	swimming
to sing	singing
to steal	stealing
to repair	repairing

A verbal noun is usually translated by a noun and / or a subordinate clause:

He's got that silly slighting way of talking.He has a disgusting manner of speaking.

The second way of formation is affix, that is, adding a suffix or, conversely, truncating it. Accordingly, this method has two subspecies:

1) affix

Suffix	Verb	Verbal noun
-ial	To arrive	Arrival
-ment	To develop	Development
	To entertain	entertainment
	To establish	establishment
-tion	To organize	organization
-tion	To produce	production
-ence / -ance	To appear	appearance
-er	To teach	teacher
-sion	To decide	decision

2) non-affix

Verb	Verbal noun
To help	Help
To in’sult (insult)	‘ insult(insult): differences in stress
To switch	Switch
To fall	Fall
To dump	dump
To poison	poison
To ‘present	Pre'sent
To offer	Offer
to let	let

Note the following examples of verbal nouns and verbs:

The company made increase in prices.The company has raised prices.

What an insult! I was so angry with his words!What an insult! I was so angry at his words!

Don’t insult me! I’m your boss!Do not insult me! I'm your boss!

I was made redundant, so I have to make do with bargains from sales.I got fired, so I have to buy on sales.

Be carefully: that drug may contain poisons... Caution: This medicine may contain poisons.

My friend Stacy asked me to organize her wedding.My friend Nastya asked me to organize her wedding.

This organization isn’ t reliable... This company is not reliable.

Gerund and verbal noun

The properties of a verbal noun are close to a gerund (although it is believed that, say, there is no gerund in Russian).

From one verb stem, it is possible to form two types of verbal nouns: the deverbative of the action name - lat. nomen actionis (sowing, transformation, salvation) and the name of the actor or sender of the action - lat. nomen agentis (sower, transformer, rescuer).

V German There are two types of verbal nouns: the substantivized infinitive, or "the name of the process" (examples: sein - das Sein, schwimmen - das Schwimmen, etc.) and the "name of the result" in -ung. Most verbs can form both the first and second forms; from “static” verbs, usually only the first is formed, from “dynamic” both forms can be formed (the first has a more abstract meaning).

With regard to Eastern languages, the verbal noun is traditionally called "masdar" (Arabic: مصدر). It is a source of word formation according to the opinion of scientists of the Basrii school of morphology. They argue this by the fact that he indicates only a certain concept or state. It is simpler and more elementary than a verb, which is burdened with a connection with the time and face of the agent. For example: شُكْرٌ غُفْرَانٌ "gratitude" - "ShuKRun" (the concept is not associated with either time or the doer), "forgiveness" - GuFRaanun (there is not even a hint of an answer to the questions: "when?" And "who?")

What it is?

Verbal nouns are a part of speech derived from a verb and performing a nominative function for actions. Simply put, these nouns call actions, give them "names." These "names" fall into two main categories:

To form such a noun, you can use the suffix method:

-ni-, -ani-, -eni-: teach - teach, instruct - instruct, allow - permission.
-k-: stack - stack, charge - charge.

The baseless way looks like this: bake - bake, fly out - fly out, bribe - bribe.

Why use it?

Ideally, the use of verbal nouns is not strictly necessary and is mandatory only in the following cases:

When it is impossible to find a simpler verb analogue or to rearrange a sentence.
When a redesigned proposal or an alternative version does not sound formal enough, it does not match the tone of the event or resource for publication.

But if verbal nouns were used only for these purposes, they would not have entered everyday communication so easily. However, other goals are hidden under the mask of "innocence".

Why is it used in reality?

Politicians, economists, labists, media workers and simply resourceful people have found alternative uses for verbal nouns. You just have to take a closer look at them to come to the same conclusion on your own. In fact, all examples of verbal nouns, in or out of context, sound very, very solid. In addition, sentences with them are often overloaded and difficult to understand, so that it is easier to hide the true meaning behind them.

How to deal with supply congestion?

It is a matter of practice to identify chains of verbal nouns and turn them into something euphonious. For example, the overloaded version would sound like this:

The departure of the aircraft is scheduled to begin at six o'clock.
The experts decided to immediately implement the product improvement plan.

Now let's try to simplify these sentences:

The plane will take off at six o'clock.
The experts decided to immediately implement the product improvement plan. The experts decided to immediately improve the product.

Morphemics deals with word formation of verbal nouns in Russian. Morphemics is a branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words and word forms of a language, organized by the minimum significant linguistic units - morphemes. The tasks of morphemics include the definition of the function of a morpheme as a unit of language [Zubova, Menshikova: 5]. This study examines morphemes such as suffixes, and their main derivational function is the formation of verbal nouns.

In Russian word formation of verbal nouns, the suffix method of word formation is used, which also includes the non-suffix method, which is sometimes also called the truncation of the verb stem. The suffix method is the formation of words by attaching a suffix to the generating (in this case, the verb) stem. This is the most productive way word formation in Russian [Zubova, Menshikova: 123]. In Russian, verbal nouns are formed according to the transpositional derivational type - within the framework of this word formation, the derivative word and the generating stem are different parts of speech [Zubova, Menshikova: 142].

The non-suffix way of forming nouns

As a result of the truncation of the verb stem, the following types of nouns are formed:

Masculine nouns, masculine-middle variety of I substantive declension with the meaning of an abstract action. Motivating verbs are type I and V verbs with a stem of the infinitive on - a and type X with a stem on - and: start up - start; find - search; bring - bring.

Other types and subtypes of motivating verbs are less common: salute - salute; split - split; inspect - inspection.

Motivating verbs by structure: simple: walk is a move; catching - catching; buzz - buzzing; verbs with suffixed morphs - а-, - в-: lack of sleep - lack of sleep; tide - tide; prefix perfective verbs: fill up - blockage; scatter - scatter;

Nouns of this type are not formed from type I verbs with a stem on - e, type IV, verbs on - nach / -chaat.

When the derivative is formed, the final vowel of the verb stem is not preserved. Also cut off: the endings of infinitive stems - ova - and - irova-: trade - bargaining; flirt - flirt; finals - well - and - willow - in cases where fundamentals with these finals can be considered motivating: swing / swing - swing; pledge - pledge; knock - knock.

The stem of the present tense of the verb can appear in nouns motivated by verbs VI, VII, IX types. For instance: grow - I grow, grew ( 1 face shape singular present and past tense, respectively) - growth; howl - howl howl; call - call(form 1 person singular present) - call[GRSRL: 142].

During the formation of masculine derivatives, the following alternations occur: the final soft consonant of the verb stem with a hard one: salt - salting; come - arrival; [k] - [h]: click - cry; screaming - screaming; [n "] - [pl"]: yell - scream; [w "] - [sk]: squeak - squeak; [w"] - [zg]: squeal - squeal; alternations vowels v root: sniff - glanders; murmur - murmur; push - pressure; calculate - miscalculation; press - press.

Words of this type designate acts regardless of the duration and nature of their course. Often they acquire the meaning of a single act (look, sneeze, froze). Secondary object meanings: instrument of action, adaptation: tray, drive unit; object and result of action: recess, neckline, digging; scene: paddock, entrance, exit.

This type is productive in technical terminology, in colloquial and artistic speech, especially derivatives motivated by prefix verbs. Derivatives motivated by verbs without prefixes are used in artistic speech [GRSRL: 143].

Feminine nouns of I substantive declension with the meaning of an abstract action or state. This type is not productive. The number of such verbal nouns in modern Russian is limited ( pay, payment, surcharge, spending, loss, cost, embezzlement, grass, mordant, poison, massacre, government, crossing, living, alive, profit, merit, service, seniority, cold, cold, praise, praise, theft, theft, a loss, loss, attack, conversation, annoyance, nap, thought, riding, thirst, drought, protection, the game, hassle, resentment, custody, siege, crossing, chase, mercy, spoilage, bait, embellishment, oath, the missing, Work, parting, massacre, argument, cold bustle, yearning, threat, delight).

Words of this type belong to the hard declension with alternation of paired soft consonants with hard ones. There are exceptions [GRSRLA, p.144]: [d] - [f] disappear - loss; [t "] - [h] spoil - damage; [b] - [bl"] row (row) - row; [in] / [in "] - [ow"] trade - trade; [n "] - [pl"] buy - buy.

Another unproductive type of derivatives is a noun of the same educational structure as the previous type, denoting an inanimate object characterized by the action of a motivating verb ( meta, litter, estimate, omen, reward, fence, block, frame, seasoning, food, veil, dam, burden, renewal, support, horseshoe, gilding, glaze, half a day, yarn, seedling, loan). The morphological characteristics here are the same as in the previous type of derivatives.

Feminine nouns of the II substantive declension with the meaning of an abstract action or state with motivation mainly by simple verbs: scolding - scolding; trembling - trembling; cut - cut; drizzle - drizzle.

When verbal nouns of this type are formed, the final vowel of the verb stem disappears. The following alternations occur: paired hard consonants of the end of the verb stem with soft: to preach is to preach; dorsal consonants With hissing: to lie is a lie; irregular ratio basics: help (help) - help.

This type is productive in colloquial and artistic speech.

Nouns of the pluralia tantum group with the meaning of abstract action: to bother - chores.

It is possible to cut off the final base - willow - and reverse alternation [f] - [d]: re-judge - gossip: talk - negotiate... In this case, the final vowel of the stem is cut off. [GRSRL: 145]

Verb-motivated nouns are usually formed by attaching a suffix to the base of the past tense. In this case, the final vowel of the verb stem in the structure of the noun may or may not be preserved. Sometimes the noun suffix is attached to the stem of the present tense of the verb, but such forms are rare and are described separately [GRSRL: 46].

Nouns with the meaning of abstract action. Suffixes of nouns with the meaning of abstract action.

Suffix - nij-

Neuter nouns with suffixes - nij - / - enj - / - anj - / - tyj - / - andj - denote action on the verb. Morphs - nij - and - tij - appear in a position after the final vowel of the infinitive stem, while the first of them - after the vowels [a], [e], and the second - mainly in formations with monosyllabic verbal roots after [a], [and ], [OU]. Morphs - enj - / - anj - / - tij - appear in a position after the consonant, joining the stem of the infinitive, the final vowel of which is cut off. It is also possible to attach these morphs to the present tense base. Morph - anj - in this case appears only after hissing and [j].

The morphs - nij - / - enj - are highly productive, while - anj - and - and j - are not productive.

Nouns with the morph - nij - are motivated by the following groups of verbs:

Verbs I, V, X types with a stem on - a - and type II on - ova-: blink-blink, punish-punish, draw-draw, hold-hold. Also, among the motivating verbs there are verbs with suffixal morphs - willow-, - wa-, - a - ( cutting down - cutting down, play out - play out); - ova-, - irova-, - izirova - ( design - design, theorizing - theorizing); - stvo-, - nicha - ( wakefulness, aping), prefix-suffix, suffix-postfix with suffix morphs - a-, - ova - ( make public - make public fraternization - fraternization, use - use, freeze - freeze), prefix perfective verbs ( to conquer - conquest); prefix-postfix, prefix-suffix-postfix with suffix morphs - a-, - willow - ( inquire - inquiry, grow - growth, tapping - tapping) [GRSRL: 65].

Verbs of I and X types on - e - ( smolder - smolder, to endure is patience), including suffix and prefix-suffix with suffix morph - e - ( aging - aging) and prefix ( master - mastery, blush - redness).

Verbs of other types and subtypes: sing - singing, publish - edition, ask - task. In some cases, when forming a verbal noun, the final - va - the verb stems "drops out": intend - intent, bewildered - bewilderment, suspect - suspicion.

Nouns with the morph - enj - are motivated by the following groups of verbs:

Type X verbs stemming from - and - ( smoking - smoking, store - storage), including suffix, prefix-suffix and suffix-postfix with morphs - and - ( complicate - complicate); perfective prefix verbs ( extract - extract, displace - displacement); prefix-postfix perfect ( reign - accession). When forming nouns from the verbs of this group, there is an alternation of consonants: [т`] - [h]: shine - glow; [t`] - [w`]: illuminate - lighting; [d`] - [w]: ironing - ironing; [d`] - [j`]: walking - walking; [st`] - [sh`]: revenge is revenge; [zd`] - [zd`]: pile up - pile up; [s`] - [w]: to wear - wearing; [z`] - [f]: distort - distortion; [b`] - [bl`]: weaken - weakening; [v`] - [vl`]: to melt - melting; [м`] - [ml`]: feed - feeding; [n`] - [pl`]: strengthen - strengthening; [ф`] - [fl`]: graphite - graphite.

Verbs of types VI and VII, 1. In this case, the foundations of the present are motivating. Here paired hard consonants alternate before suffixes with a morph with soft: [d] - [d`]: attack (attack) - attack; [t] - [t`]: read (read) - read; [s] - [s`]: to save (I will save) - salvation; [p] - [p`]: rub (rub) - friction... Rear-lingual [k] and [g] alternate with hissing [h] and [g]: neglect (neglect) - neglect, crush (confusion) - crush.

Type III and IV verbs. To form a verbal noun, either the base of the infinitive is used, in which [y] - [ov`] alternate, or the base of the past tense into - g with alternating [g] - [g]. The first case is demonstrated by the following examples: arise - the emergence, to dare is daring, disappear - disappear... The second case includes: throw in - throw in, erupt - eruption, to expel - extermination.

Some verbs of types I, II and V form derivatives by cutting off the ending - and the stem: to know - knowledge, to fall - confluence, rotate - rotation... Before the suffix alternate: [b] - [b`], [c] - [c`], [d] - [d`], [c] - [c`], [t] - [t`], [ d] - [w], [n] - [pl`]. In the case of the verb read - read there is an alternation of root vocalism [and] - [?]. Finals - ova - and - willow - there are no verb stems in the following cases: worry - excitement, stretch - stretch etc. [GRSRL: 66]

Separate verbs of other types that form verbal nouns with this inflection: twirl - twirl, wash - ablution, forget is oblivion, rot - rotting, beat - beat, kill - kill e (obsolete).

Nouns with morphs - tj-

When forming verbal nouns with the morph - тij - verbs like:

I, 4-5: inflate - bloat, shedding - spilling, sewing - sewing;

VII, 2-3: to live is living (living), to sail away is to sail, accept - acceptance;

IX: crucify - crucifixion, conceive - conception... In this case, an irregular ratio of bases may be present: hug - hug, undertake - enterprise;

separate verbs of other types and subtypes and isolated verbs: bend - bend, to be - being, depart - departure;

Morph - anij - appears in formations motivated by verbs to give and do well: to give - alms, prosper - prosperity... Also, with the verbs finish and endeavor with cutting off the final vowel of the infinitive stem: ending, diligence.

In nouns with the morph - иj- (-j-), the following act as motivators:

Verbs of types I and X with stems on - a, - and: having fun is fun suffocate - suffocate, trust (trust) - trust, communion - communion;

Type II verbs, mainly nam - st, in which the ending - ova - is cut off: being in misery is a disaster, act - action, wandering - wandering, march - procession etc.[GRSRL: 67]

All verbal nouns. What nouns are verbal, how to distinguish them? See what a "Verbal noun" is in other dictionaries

Limited use of personal verbs

Building sentences

see also

See what a "Verbal noun" is in other dictionaries:

Books

What it is?

Why use it?

Why is it used in reality?

How to deal with supply congestion?

The non-suffix way of forming nouns

Recommend other articles

All verbal nouns. What nouns are verbal, how to distinguish them? See what a "Verbal noun" is in other dictionaries

Limited use of personal verbs

Building sentences

see also

See what a "Verbal noun" is in other dictionaries:

Books

What it is?

Why use it?

Why is it used in reality?

How to deal with supply congestion?

The non-suffix way of forming nouns

Recommend other articles

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