Average temperature of the planets of the solar system table. What is the temperature on the planets of the solar system

If you are going to spend a vacation on another planet, then it is important to learn about possible climatic changes ... Seriously, many people know that most of the planets in our solar system have extreme temperatures that are not suitable for a quiet life. But what are the exact temperatures on the surface of these planets? I offer a small overview of the temperatures of the planets of the solar system.

Mercury

Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun, so one would assume that it is constantly glowing like an oven. However, while the temperature on Mercury can reach 427 ° C, it can also drop to a very low temperature of -173 ° C. Such a large difference in temperature of Mercury occurs because it has no atmosphere.

Venus

Venus, the second closest planet to the Sun, has the highest average temperatures of any planet in our solar system, with temperatures regularly reaching 460 ° C. Venus is so hot because of its proximity to the Sun and its dense atmosphere. Venus's atmosphere is composed of dense clouds containing carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. This creates a strong greenhouse effect that traps the sun's heat in the atmosphere and turns the planet into a furnace.

Land

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and is still the only planet known for its ability to support life. The average temperature on Earth is 7.2 ° C, but it varies with large deviations from this indicator. The highest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 70.7 ° C in Iran. The lowest temperature has been recorded in Antarctica, and it reaches -91.2 ° C.

Mars

Mars is cold because, firstly, it does not have an atmosphere to maintain high temperatures, and secondly, it is located relatively far from the Sun. Since Mars has an elliptical orbit (it gets much closer to the Sun at some points in its orbit), then during the summer its temperatures can deviate by 30 ° C from normal in the northern and southern hemispheres. The minimum temperature on Mars is approximately -140 ° C and the highest is 20 ° C.

Jupiter

Jupiter does not have any solid surface, as it is a gas giant, so it does not have any surface temperature either. At the top of Jupiter's clouds, the temperature is about -145 ° C. As you descend closer to the center of the planet, the temperature increases. At a point where atmospheric pressure is ten times that of Earth, the temperature is 21 ° C, which some scientists jokingly call " room temperature". In the core of the planet, temperatures are much higher, reaching around 24,000 ° C. For comparison, it's worth noting that Jupiter's core is hotter than the Sun's surface.

Saturn

As with Jupiter, the temperature in the upper atmosphere of Saturn remains very low - down to about -175 ° C - and increases as it approaches the center of the planet (up to 11,700 ° C at the core). Saturn actually generates heat by itself. It generates 2.5 times more energy than it receives from the Sun.

Uranus

Uranus is the coldest planet with the lowest recorded temperature of -224 ° C. Although Uranus is far from the Sun, this is not the only reason for its low temperatures. All other gas giants in our solar system emit more heat from their cores than they receive from the sun. Uranus has a core with a temperature of approximately 4737 ° C, which is only one-fifth of the temperature of Jupiter's core.

Neptune

With temperatures as high as -218 ° C in Neptune's upper atmosphere, this planet is one of the coldest in our solar system. Like the gas giants, Neptune has a much hotter core, which is around 7000 ° C.

By the way, the maximum temperature that a person can tolerate is 160 ° C. This has been proven by English physicists Blunden and Chantry by auto experiment. The literature also reports on higher limiting temperatures (170 ° С, publication in 1828, and even 180 ° С), but the reliability of this information is questionable. A person can tolerate a temperature of 104 ° C for 26 minutes, 93 ° C for 33 minutes, 82 ° C for 49 minutes, and 71 ° C for 1 hour; it was established in the course of experiments with healthy people - volunteers. At the same time, the maximum negative temperature that a person can withstand is -89 degrees.

The largest planet in the solar system, Jupiter, has very harsh weather in its atmosphere. Lightning in its atmosphere is much stronger than Earth's, and the wind speed is just crazy - about 600 km / h. This giant also has 67 satellites. Jupiter has its own small system, in which a huge number of satellites rotate. But as for temperatures on Jupiter, here he also confirms his reputation as an extreme planet.

Temperatures on this planet are extremely extreme. It can vary from extreme cold in the upper atmosphere to hellish heat at the core of the planet. Since this is a gas giant and does not have a solid surface, then, presumably, the temperature rises as the temperature data collection site sinks towards the core. It is very difficult to measure accurately temperature on Jupiter due to his great pressure. The device, which was sent deep into the planet to the surface of Jupiter to collect data, was destroyed by the pressure of the planet. This device managed to take some readings on the planet, including the temperature.

The temperature in the upper atmosphere is approximately -140ºC. During the descent of this apparatus, the pressure and temperature of the planet increased. Having descended to a distance in which the pressure of Jupiter is several times higher than the pressure on Earth, the device recorded a temperature acceptable for a person of about 20º C. But at such a temperature, the pressure of the planet is extreme and a person in any case could not be here. is huge and a person cannot get along with its gravity and pressure in any way.

Jupiter is hotter than the Sun.

Descending lower and lower, the temperature increased, as did the pressure. But the device was destroyed by pressure and it could not transmit further data. The temperature on Jupiter has not been fully understood, but given the rate of increase in temperature as the spacecraft descends, further values ​​can be calculated.

The device was destroyed by the planet, but scientists did not stop there and continued to study temperatures. As stated Jupiter core temperature exceeds the temperature of the sun's surface. The core temperature of the planet is approximately 36,000ºC.

The planet Mars, like another close neighbor of the Earth, Venus, has been subjected to the most intense study of astronomers since antiquity. Visible to the naked eye, it has been shrouded in mystery, legends and speculation since ancient times. And today we do not know everything about the Red Planet, however, many information obtained over the centuries of observation and study dispelled some myths, helped a person understand many of the processes taking place on this cosmic object. The temperature on Mars, the composition of its atmosphere, the features of its orbital motion, after the improvement of technical research methods and the beginning of the space era, managed to move from the category of assumptions to the rank of indisputable facts. Nevertheless, much of the data on both such a close and such a distant neighbor has yet to be explained.

Fourth

Mars is located one and a half times farther from the Sun than our planet (the distance is estimated at 228 million km). According to this parameter, it ranks fourth. Behind the orbit of the Red Planet lies the Main Asteroid Belt and Jupiter's "dominion". It flies around our star in about 687 days. At the same time, the orbit of Mars is strongly elongated: its perihelion is located at a distance of 206.7, and its aphelion is 249.2 million km. And the day here lasts only almost 40 minutes longer than on Earth: 24 hours and 37 minutes.

Little brother

Mars belongs to the terrestrial planets. The main substances that make up its structure are metals and silicon. Among similar objects in terms of its dimensions, it is only ahead of Mercury. The diameter of the Red Planet is 6,786 kilometers, which is about half that of the Earth. However, in terms of mass, Mars is 10 times inferior to our space home. The area of ​​the entire surface of the planet slightly exceeds the area of ​​the earth's continents, taken together, excluding the vastness of the World Ocean. The density is also lower here - it is only 3.93 kg / m 3.

The search for life

Despite the obvious difference between Mars and Earth, for a long time it was considered a real candidate for the title of an inhabited planet. Before the start of the space age, scientists who observed the reddish surface of this cosmic body through a telescope periodically discovered signs of life, which soon, however, found a more prosaic explanation.

Over time, the conditions were clearly defined under which at least the simplest organisms could appear outside the Earth. These include certain temperature parameters and the presence of water. Much research on the Red Planet has aimed to find out if a suitable climate has developed there, and, if possible, find traces of life.

Temperature on Mars

The Red Planet is an inhospitable world. The considerable distance from the Sun noticeably affects the climatic conditions of this cosmic body. Temperatures on Mars in Celsius range on average from -155º to + 20º. It is much colder here than on Earth, because one and a half times farther away the Sun warms the surface half as weakly. These unfavorable conditions are aggravated by the rarefied atmosphere, which allows radiation to pass through well, as is known, destructive to all living things.

Such facts reduce to a minimum the chances of finding traces of existing or once extinct organisms on Mars. However, the point in this issue has not yet been put.

Determining factors

The temperature on Mars, as well as on Earth, depends on the position of the planet relative to the star. Its maximum value (20-33º) is observed during the day in the equator area. The minimum values ​​(up to -155º) are reached near the South Pole. The entire territory of the planet is characterized by significant temperature fluctuations.

These differences affect both the climatic features of Mars and its appearance. The main, visible even from the Earth, detail of its surface is the polar caps. As a result of significant heating in summer and cooling in winter, they undergo perceptible changes: either they decrease until they almost completely disappear, then they increase again.

Is there water on Mars?

When summer begins in one of the hemispheres, the corresponding polar cap begins to decrease in size. Due to the orientation of the planet's axis, as it approaches the point of perihelion, the southern half turns to the Sun. As a result, the summer is somewhat hotter here, and the polar cap disappears almost completely. In the north, this effect is not observed.

Changes in the size of the polar caps have prompted scientists to think that they are not quite regular ice... The data collected to date allow us to make the assumption that carbon dioxide, which contains a large amount of the atmosphere of Mars, plays a significant role in their formation. In the cold season, the temperature here reaches the point at which it usually turns into the so-called dry ice. It is he who begins to melt with the arrival of summer. Water, according to scientists, is also present on the planet and makes up that part of the polar caps, which remains unchanged even with an increase in temperature (heating is insufficient for its disappearance).

At the same time, the planet Mars cannot boast of having the main source of life in a liquid state. For a long time, the hope for its discovery was inspired by areas of the relief, very reminiscent of river beds. It is still not fully understood what could have led to their formation, if there was never liquid water on the Red Planet. The atmosphere of Mars testifies in favor of the "dry" past. Its pressure is so insignificant that the boiling point of water falls on temperatures that are unusually low for the Earth, that is, it can exist here only in a gaseous state. In theory, Mars could have had a denser atmosphere in the past, but then it would have left traces of it in the form of heavy inert gases. However, they have not been found so far.

Winds and storms

The temperature on Mars, or rather, its fluctuations, leads to a rapid movement of air masses in the hemisphere, where winter has come. The winds arising in this case reach 170 m / s. On Earth, such phenomena would be accompanied by showers, but the Red Planet does not have sufficient water reserves for this. Dust storms occur here, so large-scale that they sometimes cover the entire planet. The rest of the time there is almost always clear weather (water is also needed to form a significant amount of clouds) and very transparent air.

Despite the relatively small size of Mars and its unsuitability for life, scientists pin great hopes on it. Here, in the future, it is planned to locate bases for the extraction of minerals and the implementation of various scientific activities. It is still difficult to say how real such projects are, but the continuous development of technology testifies to the fact that soon humanity will be able to embody the most daring ideas.

The planets differ in temperature, as they have different structures and distances from the Sun. As the distance from the Sun increases, the temperature on the surface of the planets, as a rule, decreases. Internal and external factors are responsible for temperature fluctuations inside the planets. The nature and composition of the atmosphere determine the amount of heat emitted and how much heat the planet can hold.

The hottest planets in the solar system:

Venus

Venus is the second and hottest among. Its temperature can reach 464º C. The high temperature is caused by a dense atmosphere with thick cloud cover. Carbon dioxide makes up the bulk of Venus's atmospheric gases, acting as a blanket that prevents the planet from losing heat. Temperatures remain relatively regular with minor fluctuations throughout the year. Unlike other planets, Venus's slight elliptical tilt does not affect temperatures, allowing them to remain stable.

Mercury

Mercury is the first and smallest planet in the solar system. Despite its proximity to the Sun, Mercury is the second hottest planet. Unlike Venus, it does not have an atmosphere, so it experiences different temperatures throughout the day. Temperatures can drop to -93º C or rise to 427º C and average around 167º C. Temperatures on Mercury are directly affected by the Sun. Therefore, the side facing the star often gets hot and freezes on the shaded side. Astronomers believe that the polar regions of Mercury are never warmed by the Sun and therefore may be colder than Jupiter's cloud tops.

Coldest planets in the solar system:

Pluto

Pluto is a dwarf planet made of ice and rock. Originally considered the ninth planet, Pluto is farthest from the sun and has the lowest temperatures, averaging around -225º C. Temperatures on Pluto depend on its proximity to the Sun: as the planet approaches a star, the temperature of the atmosphere becomes significantly warmer. Surface temperatures are colder than atmospheres due to the influence of methane, which creates temperature inversions. Pressure waves in the atmosphere lower temperatures, making them colder than expected.

Neptune

Since Pluto was disqualified as a planet, Neptune has been considered the coldest planet in the solar system with an average temperature of about -200º C. Neptune is the eighth planet in our system, composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. The planet experiences pressure and temperature fluctuations depending on altitude. Due to the large distance from the Sun, the temperature on Neptune is more dependent on the radiation inside the planet itself than on the star. Its elliptical slope of 23.4º heats the upward side, raising the temperature by about 10º C, thus avoiding the release of methane. Temperature fluctuations are also noticeable in the inner part of the planet, which occur during movement around the Sun or under the influence of internal factors such as winds and pressure changes. do not have a specific surface temperature compared to.

Average temperature of all planets in the solar system

If you are going to spend a vacation on another planet, then it is important to learn about possible climatic changes :) Seriously, many people know that most of the planets in our solar system have extreme temperatures that are not suitable for a quiet life. But what are the exact temperatures on the surface of these planets? Below I offer a small overview of the temperatures of the planets in the solar system.

Mercury
Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun, so one would assume that it is constantly glowing like an oven. However, while the temperature on Mercury can reach 427 ° C, it can also drop to a very low temperature of -173 ° C. Such a large difference in temperature of Mercury occurs because it has no atmosphere.

Venus
Venus, the second closest planet to the Sun, has the highest average temperatures of any planet in our solar system, with temperatures regularly reaching 460 ° C. Venus is so hot because of its proximity to the Sun and its dense atmosphere. Venus's atmosphere is composed of dense clouds containing carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. This creates a strong greenhouse effect that traps the sun's heat in the atmosphere and turns the planet into a furnace.

Land
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and is still the only planet known for its ability to support life. The average temperature on Earth is 7.2 ° C, but it varies with large deviations from this indicator. The highest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 70.7 ° C in Iran. The lowest temperature has been recorded in Antarctica, and it reaches -91.2 ° C.

Mars
Mars is cold because, firstly, it does not have an atmosphere to maintain high temperatures, and secondly, it is located relatively far from the Sun. Since Mars has an elliptical orbit (it gets much closer to the Sun at some points in its orbit), during the summer its temperatures can deviate by 30 ° C from normal in the northern and southern hemispheres. The minimum temperature on Mars is approximately -140 ° C and the highest is 20 ° C.

Jupiter
Jupiter does not have any solid surface, as it is a gas giant, so it does not have any surface temperature either. At the top of Jupiter's clouds, the temperature is about -145 ° C. As you descend closer to the center of the planet, the temperature increases. At a point where atmospheric pressure is ten times that of Earth, the temperature is 21 ° C, which some scientists jokingly call "room temperature." In the core of the planet, temperatures are much higher, reaching around 24,000 ° C. For comparison, it's worth noting that Jupiter's core is hotter than the Sun's surface.

Saturn
As with Jupiter, the temperature in the upper atmosphere of Saturn remains very low - down to about -175 ° C - and increases as it approaches the center of the planet (up to 11,700 ° C at the core). Saturn actually generates heat by itself. It generates 2.5 times more energy than it receives from the Sun.

Uranus
Uranus is the coldest planet with the lowest recorded temperature of -224 ° C. Although Uranus is far from the Sun, this is not the only reason for its low temperatures. All other gas giants in our solar system emit more heat from their cores than they receive from the sun. Uranus has a core with a temperature of approximately 4737 ° C, which is only one-fifth of the temperature of Jupiter's core.

Neptune
With temperatures as high as -218 ° C in Neptune's upper atmosphere, this planet is one of the coldest in our solar system. Like the gas giants, Neptune has a much hotter core, which is around 7000 ° C.

Below is a graph showing planetary temperatures in both Fahrenheit (° F) and Celsius (° C). Please note that Pluto has not been classified as a planet since 2006