Before means you need a dash. When a dash is put

2. Punctuation marks between subject and predicate

2.2. The absence of a dash between the subject and the nominal predicate

Between subject and predicate, pronounced nouns, dashes not is placed if there are any members or components of the proposal between them. It can be a variety of particles: negative particle not, comparative particles (for example, how, as if, exactly), bounding particles only, only and some others.

Noun PARTICLEnoun.

Noun not noun.

Noun how /as if/exactly/ as if /no matter what /
sort of noun.

Noun only/only/exclusively noun.

Noun too noun.

Noun not noun.

Noun – not noun, a noun.

Let's consider some examples:

It didn't even occur to me then that Human not a plant and he cannot prosper for a long time[AND. C. Turgenev. Asya (1858)].

Negative particle not as part of the predicate not a plant cancels the setting of the dash.

From a negative particle not it is necessary to distinguish an adversarial alliance not ... but, which, on the contrary, requires setting a dash. For example, in the sentence One of my teachers used to say: chekism – notservice and notprofession, astate of mind [Leonid Zorin. Judith (2008) // Banner. 2009] the predicate consists of a number of homogeneous members, interconnected by relations of opposition: the signs "service" and "profession" are denied, instead of them another sign is affirmed - "state of mind."

Opposition relations require setting a dash even if the second component of the union is absent and the relationship goes beyond one sentence, as in the following example:

From the damp mists, from the corners of the mouse, the immutable began to emerge: learning – notdarkness of water, notice mountain, notwave twisted, blue-black! Learning- anyway - light, light! [Boris Evseev. Evstigney // "October". 2010].

These two sentences can be combined into one: Learning – notdark, alight , in which the setting of the dash fully complies with the rule.

Noun how /as if /exactly / as if /
no matter what / sort of noun.

The predicate can include a variety of comparative particles - how, as if, as if, exactly, as if, no matter what... They also cancel the setting of the dash. For instance:

– Money like germs, - said Boris, - they are everywhere[Sergey Dovlatov. Ours (1983)];

I love skyscrapers, more precisely, their upper floor, where ceiling like a skull or as if the arch of the sky... [Alexander Ilichevsky. From the book "Donkey's Jaw" // "Ural". 2008];

For them your a life like a cigarette smoked [Pyotr Galitsky. Chagall's Price (2000)].

In the examples Money how germs, Ceiling as if vault of heaven, A life no matter what smoked cigarette a phenomenon called a subject is likened to a phenomenon called a predicate: money is like microbes, the ceiling is like the vault of the sky, life is like a smoked cigarette.

Noun, an isolated component,noun.

Noun, introductory word,noun.

Noun, appeal,noun.

The dash is also canceled by the presence between the subject and the predicate of any isolated elements, for example, an introductory word:

« Wife , certainly , evil , – answered Nasreddin. - But evil is necessary "[Collection of anecdotes: Khoja Nasreddin (1950–2000)].

In the example The most main, granny, nottreat, aunderstanding and friendly support between advanced people[V. F. Panova. Clear Bank (1949)] subject expressed by a substantive adjective main, and the predicate - by a number of homogeneous members not treat, a mutual understanding and support united by an opposing alliance not ... but... As we said earlier, this union requires the setting of a dash. If there was no appeal in the offer granny, then a dash should have been put, cf .: The most main – nottreat, aunderstanding and friendly support between advanced people... But the presence of the appeal cancels his staging.

Thus, if in one sentence two different phenomena are combined, one of which requires and the other cancels the setting of a dash, their hierarchy must be taken into account. The appeal as a component of the sentence, located between the subject and the predicate, occupies a higher position in the hierarchy of rules than the presence of an adversarial union in a series of homogeneous predicates.

Let us compare one more example that confirms that the presence of an adversarial alliance not ... but is not a determining factor for other, more significant means:

Graph Pototsky at allnotgraph and notformer student, ajudicial officer[TO. G. Paustovsky. A book about life. Distant years (1946)].

Before the predicate not a count or a former student, but a judicial officer there is a particle at all... Like all other particles, it cancels the setting of the dash required by the opposing union. not ... but... Wed:

Graph Pototsky – notgraph and not former student, ajudicial officer kicked out of service for drunkenness.

Accordingly, the "particle rule" is stronger than the "adversarial union rule".

Noun minor membernoun.

Between the subject and the predicate, there can be not only separate components or particles, but also minor members of the sentence - additions and circumstances. Their presence also prevents the setting of a dash.

Noun additionnoun.

for me / you / him / each of us / humanity etc.

us / you etc.

Additions, which are often located between the subject and the predicate, include forms such as for me / for you, US / to you and the like.

In this case, word order plays a decisive role. So, in the sentence Forced inaction for him torture [A. A. Bogdanov. Eh, Anton! (1930-1931)] the dash is not put, since the addition for him stands between the subject and the predicate. But if the word order is changed and the addition is placed after the predicate, then it is necessary to put a dash, cf.: Forced inaction – torture for him .

Noun circumstancenoun.

Between the subject and the predicate, there can also be circumstances of measure and degree, expressed, for example, by adverbs generally and really:

Though polynesians generallypeaceful people , but none of our friends knows their language, and some kind of conflict is possible[V. A. Obruchev. Coral Island (1947)];

I'm afraid that this young womanreallyPrincess [E. L. Schwartz. Shadow (1940)].

Less often, the circumstances of the place appear between the subject and the predicate, for example here, there and the like.

In a sentence From this glance it is clear, what Valyasha hereregular [Olga Sulchinskaya. From the world to the horizon // "October". 2003] adverb here acts in its direct meaning and denotes a place, geographic space. When changing the order of words, as in the previous case, standard conditions for setting a dash appear, cf.: Valyasha – regular in this tavern .

A children everywherechildren: they rush around the camp, spending their happy childhood playing with a deflated ball and fragments of some dishes[Dmitry Vinogradov. The doctors arrived. The catastrophe in Haiti through the eyes of our doctors // "Russian Reporter", No. 4 (132), February 4-11, 2010, 2010].

It is necessary to distinguish from this case numerous examples in which formally the word here is between the subject and the predicate, but the dash is still placed. For instance:

Main principle here – openness, so access to the base is 24/7, there are no opening hours[Alexey Lebedev. Inhabited Island (2004) // "Around the World". 2004.07.15];

Leading symptom here – violation general and speech activity, that is, a person has no desire to speak at all, especially to maintain a conversation[Nina Sergeeva. The word born by love and will (2002) // "Family doctor". 2002.09.15].

What are the differences between those examples in which the dash is not used in the adverb and those in which it is required?

First, in these sentences the word here is used in a figurative meaning and does not mean a geographic space, but has the meaning 'in this case': expression the main principle here denotes 'the main principle in this case'.

Secondly, such sentences have a stable structure: the subject in them, as a rule, is the name of abstract semantics (as in the sentences we are considering - principle, symptom), in front of it is an adjective denoting the exceptional, special properties of the described phenomenon ( leading, main and etc.).

Noun definition– noun.

If between the subject and the predicate there is an agreed or inconsistent definition related to the subject, then the dash put... In a sentence Howeverit doesn't matter now the photothis– installation [Lyudmila Ulitskaya. Bronka (1988)] reverse word order: commonly agreed type definition this put front the word to which it refers, here it comes after the subject the photo... Wed direct word order: This the photo – installation.

Thus, the presence / absence of a dash is influenced by which member of the sentence the minor member depends on. Additions and circumstances are part of the predicate, changing their position in the sentence, moving them into position before the predicate in the usual arrangement after it cancels the setting of the dash. Definitions related to the subject do not affect the setting of the dash: the dash is inserted even if the definition is after the subject.

Subject, pronounced pronoun

Subject-pronoun nominal predicate.

The basic wording of the rule is simple: if the subject is expressed by a pronoun, the dash is not put, for example:

Here are my documents: passport, business trip. I AM delegate conferences for allergists![AND. Grekov. Fracture (1987)];

A speck of light creeps over the pinned magazine clipping. This portrait Gagarin, wearing a helmet. The speck stops[Alexander Ilichevsky. Smooth // " New world". 2006].

A dash is not used even when an interrogative pronoun expresses either the subject or the predicate, for example: Who there goes? What's happened art?

1. A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a bond, if both main members of the sentence are expressed nouns in the nominative: Loneliness in creativity - heavy piece (H); Next station - Mytishchi, The Moscow Games are a great academy sports creativity(Gas.).

As a rule, a dash is used:

1) in sentences that have the nature of a logical definition: Geometry - department mathematicians, studying spatial forms and relationships of bodies;

2) in proposals for book styles (scientific, journalistic, official-business) containing characteristic, assessment object or phenomenon: Matter is an objective reality, existing outside and independently of human consciousness;Disarmament is imperative time;

3) in sentences of identity (subject and predicate express the same concept): Moscow is the capital Russia;

4) after homogeneous subjects: Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan- the largest cities of the Volga region;

5) with parallelism of structures (parts of the sentence): Diligent in the brigade - treasure, lazy - a heavy burden;

6) to clarify the meaning of the proposal; Wed: His older sister is a teacher; The elder sister is his teacher.

Note. Usually the dash is not used:

1) in simple sentences of the colloquial style of speech: My mother is an engineer; My brother is a schoolboy;

2) if comparative unions act as a ligament as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, do not care what etc.: Speeches as speeches (Furm.); The stars seem small diamonds; The clouds are like fabulous monsters; Today the sky is like the sea.

Deviations from this position among classic writers and among modern authors are associated with the previous punctuation norms or with the desire to emphasize the shade of comparison contained in the predicate: Your speeches are like a sharp knife (L.); Such a phrase - it's like a big helmet in Yeralash (T.); This girl is like a holiday! (Al.); The term of the war is that life is a century (Tv.);

3) if the predicate is preceded by the negation not: This officer is not like you (Fed.); ... The Ussuri tiger is not a fairy tale at all, it is almost a reality (March); Poverty is not a vice(Pogov.); Heart is not a stone(Pogov.); Analogy is not proof.

The setting of a dash in this case is intended to logically and intonationally emphasize the predicate: But an explanation is not an excuse(M.G.); His views on family etiquette - is this not a prejudice ?;

4) if there is an introductory word between the subject and the predicate, sometimes - an adverb, union, particle: Dubava, it seems, is a friend of Korchagin (N.O); Risk, as you know, is a noble cause; A rash act is generally a dangerous step; Sergeev is now a famous artist; Fir is also a resinous tree; March is just the beginning of spring.

Wed presence / absence of a dash depending on the specified conditions: Ivanov - good chess player; Ivanov, seems to be a good chess player (presence of an introductory word); Ivanov is now an experienced chess player (he has an adverb); Ivanov is also a famous chess player (there is a union); Ivanov is just a beginner chess player (presence of a particle);

5) if in front of the predicate there is a secondary member of the sentence related to it: Stepan is our neighbor (Sh.); Kolya is my friend;

6) if the predicate precedes the subject: Wonderful person Ivan Ivanovich! (G.); This valley is a glorious place! (L.); Picturesque people Indians (Gonch.); This boy is not a bad student.

The setting of a dash in this case emphasizes the intonational division of the sentence into two parts: Glorious people are my neighbors! (P.); Amazing business dream (T.); Psychological curiosity - my mother (Ch.); A clever little thing is a human mind (M.G.); The coffin is the road (Tv.);

7) if the subject in combination with the predicate forms an indecomposable combination -— phraseological turnover: penny price theory that fixes some patterns(Goal.); Two pair of boots (Pogov.).

2. A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if both are expressed in an indefinite form verb (infinitive) or if one of the main members is expressed in the nominative form of the noun, and the other in the indefinite form of the verb: To speak about a decision that has been resolved is only to be confused (M.G.); Our duty is to protect fortress until our last breath(P.); Of course it's big art - to wait (Sob.); Drink tea - do not chop wood (Last); Make turn me off the right track- pipes !; Write mediocre things— no talent is needed for this- the infinitive in the function of the nominative theme, the predicate is expressed as a whole sentence; It would seem that what is easier - to write a response letter (cf .: Writing a reply letter is a simple matter).

But (with inversion and no pause): What a happiness to hug a son! (Dolm.)

3. A dash is placed before words this, this is, it means, this means, here, attaching the predicate to the subject: Catching a ruff or perch is such bliss! (Ch.); The latest autumn is when from frost the rowan wrinkles and becomes,as they say, "sweet"(Prishv.) - the whole sentence acts as a predicate; To understand is to forgive; Sports and culture- here are two keys to joy, beauty(Gas.).

4. A dash is placed if both main members of the sentence are expressed in cardinal numbers or if one of them is expressed in the nominative case of a noun, and the other in a numeral or a turn with a numeral: Twenty years - a good thing (Sim.); Partings and meetings- two main parts, of which happiness will come someday(Dolm.); Three times five - fifteen; The speed is sixty kilometers per hour.

Note. In special literature, when characterizing an object, a dash is often not put in this case: Lifting capacity of the crane is 2.5 tons, boom outreach 5 meters; Melting point of gold 1063 about S.

5. If there is a pause between the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed between the subject, expressed indefinite form a verb, and a predicate, pronounced predicative adverb in -o (category of state): To give in is shameful(Tendr.); It is very unbearable to move (Gonch.); It's awful to be shy at the last moment; It's fucking fun - boating [cf. no pause: boating is fun; Judge a person in disfavor is very easy (L. T.)].

6. A dash is placed before the predicate, expressed phraseological turnover: Both woman and man- a penny pair (C); And the porch - God forbid another prince(A. T.); Earning from him now- be healthy; Seryozha - seventh water on jelly and you and me.

7. With the subject expressed by the word this, a dash is placed between the main members of the sentence, depending on the logical selection of the subject and the presence of a pause after it; Wed: This is the beginning of all beginnings. - This is a good start; This is loneliness (Ch.). - This is Zverkov's house (G.).

8. If the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the predicate - by the nominative case of a noun, a dash between them is usually not put: He is a corruption, he is a plague, he is an ulcer local places (Cr.); I am an honest person and never say compliments(Ch.).

However, a dash in this case is put:

1) with logical underscore: I am the page your pen. I will take everything. I am a white page. I am the keeper of your good ... (Tsv.);

2) at opposition:I am a manufacturer, you are a ship owner(M.G.); She is a solid bundle of nerves, and he is the embodiment Olympic calm;

3) with parallelism of structures (sentences or parts of a sentence): Without you, I am a star without light. Without you I am a creator without the world (Br.); We are people restless because we are in charge for the planet; Two people, he and she, walked side by side: he is a young man in a dark suit, she - young, very pretty young woman in a colorful dress;

4) with the inversion of the main members of the sentence: Hero this performance - I am; An example of this is he.

9. A dash between the main members of a sentence is not put if one of them is expressed by an interrogative pronoun, and the other by a noun in the form of a nominative case or a personal pronoun: Tell me who your friend is, and I will tell you who you are; Whose book is this ?; Who are you?

10. If the predicate is expressed by an adjective (including pronominal) or a prepositional-nominal combination, a dash in front of the predicate is usually not put: The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the driver is stubborn ... (P.); The earth is great and beautiful (Ch.); The cherry orchard is mine! (Ch.); A sky without a single cloud; People here extraordinary kindness.

A dash in front of the predicate-adjective is placed:

1) with the logical or intonational division of the sentence: Pupils - feline, long(Sh.); Height near the scattered houses of the farm - command (Kaz.);

2) in the presence of homogeneous predicates: Rhythm Suvorov School -clear, fast, military(Gas.); It has changed a lot:gait, movement, features faces, even a look - softer, calmer, easier;

3) with parallelism of structures (parts of the sentence): The night is warm, the sky is blue, the moon is silvery, the stars are shiny.

11. In footnotes (notes, explanations), a dash separates the explained word from the explanation (regardless of the form of expression of the predicate): Poseidon - in ancient Greek mythology, the god of the seas; Pegasus - considered a symbol of poetic inspiration.

There is a set of rules for constructing phrases in oral and written speech. This section of linguistics is called syntax (syntaxis), which in translation from Greek means - "composition". The main members of the sentence with a coordinated connection and functional semantic load do not obey secondary units, have a dominant position and “dictate” the main meaning of the expression.

In contact with

Semantic core of expression

The subject and predicate in sentences serve as a grammatical basis. What is the subject - this is the first of the main members in, answering questions by Him. : who? or what? Means either an object or an action indicated by a predicate. What is a predicate - this is the second main term, which answers the questions: “what to do or to do?”, “What is it?”. Carries a functional load, complements the meaning of the subject.

In the structure of speech circulation, the subject is expressed by a noun or and suggests an active meaning. For illustration, you can cite simple, complete in meaning, the phrase "Irina put the book down." "She put down the book." In both complete phrases, a dash is not put between the subject and the predicate, since the subjects "Irina" in the first case and "she" in the second are the units performing the action, and the predicate is expressed, standing in the past tense, denoting this action.

In Russian speech, the subject can be expressed both as a noun and an adjective used in z

There are uncommon phrases in which the link between the main members that make up the grammatical core is omitted. Both the subject and the predicate in these cases “stand” in the nominative case and are expressed by a noun or numeral. For example: “Launch site - fire tower”; "The show starts at twelve." In writing, these phrases are drawn up with a dash between the subject and the predicate, since the nominative case is used twice for the declension of both units of the main link.

In addition, if both main members of the phrase are indicated by indefinite verbs, then, according to linguistic norms, a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate. The creative version is a playful aphorism: "An active person is the blacksmith of his own happiness."

Important! If the particle “not” is in front of the verb (in the infinitive), a dash is placed: “To live life is not a field to go over”. This punctuation will be correct both grammatically and stylistically.

In what expressions is used

The spelling rule with the connecting dash sign depends on the competent selection of the stem - the main members, which do not depend on the minor ones. The dash can be used to connect parts of a sentence in different styles of speech.

Mathematical and identical concepts

In a laconic speech turn, which describes a mathematical action using numbers, the subject and predicate are separated by a dash. For example: “Twice two - four”;

In simple and precise phrases containing identical concepts and definitions. May be (geographical): “London - the capital of Great Britain”; “Sava - a tributary of the Danube” are examples of sentences of classic identical combinations.

Folklore

The dash punctuation mark is often used in short speech turns of folk art, which are instructive in nature. These are laconic folk expressions - sayings and proverbs with a dash, the spelling of which obeys the rules of Russian grammar. The predicate is usually expressed in a whole phrase, which contains the logical meaning of the sentence.

Examples of wise folklore:

• if you want to test a friend - look at him in anger;
• a cat from home - mice to dance;
• Out of sight, out of mind;
• no news is good news;
• that the eye does not see - the heart does not regret;
• found a friend - found a treasure.

In all of the above cases, the rule is used when a dash is placed between both parts of the turnover.

Figurative commercials

If you come across a sentence where the predicate is expressed by a noun, then you can apply the standard rule using the graphic dash symbol, denoting the final meaning. For example: "Almagel - a balm for the stomach", "Pearl Toothpaste - for the whole family." A dash is followed by a combination in which the predicate is expressed by a noun explaining the general meaning of the “winged expression” that persuades and motivates to buy.

The technique of using short, apt and figurative phrases is very often used in popular aphorisms and “catchy” advertising texts.

Use on writing

In Russian grammar, a dash between the subject and the predicate is placed in four cases:

1. Between two nouns, when the predicate is expressed by a noun (Happiness is a reward for courage).
2. Between a pair of numbers (Fifteen fifteen - two hundred twenty five).
3. Between the verbs in the indefinite form - the infinitive (to lead - to anticipate sensitively).
4. Before the words: this, here, it means, it means, connecting the grammatical basis of the sentence (a grimy child is a happy child).

Punctuation mark in Russian and foreign fiction

In Russian writing, both modern and classical, punctuation using a dash is quite common. Expressions with a dash carry the function of additional expressiveness and enhancing the significance of what is said.

Some examples from fiction:

• "Genius and villainy are two incompatible things." (A.S. Pushkin);
• "The highest and most characteristic feature of our people is a sense of justice and a thirst for it." (F.M. Dostoevsky);
• "To spare nothing for a friend, to think about others a little too - that's my simple magic." (L.I. Oshanin);
• “Excessive pride is a sign of an insignificant soul” (IA Turgenev);
• “The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life” (M. Gorky).

In the works of foreign authors, the logical connection - a dash between the subject and the predicate - is also often used to the point. An example would be
serve the phrase from "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" by the American classic Mark Twain: "But now Tom was a free bird - it was also worth something!" Thanks to the use of the punctuation mark, the phrase sounds short and very emotional.

02.22.17 Dash between subject and predicate. E.N. Sorokin

Conclusion

What is the subject and a predicate, expressed not by a noun and a verb, but by other parts of speech? The grammatical core is often constructed from interchangeable words that carry a logical semantic load, for example: "Time is a great teacher." The sign is placed only inside structures and has a connecting functionality in non-standard phrases. Compliance with simple rules will help to avoid mistakes.

1. Dash placed between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a ligament, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by nouns in the form of the nominative case: Lonelinessin creativity - heavything(Ch.); Nextstation - Mytishchi;Moscowgames- beautifulacademysports creativity(gas.).

Usually, dash put:

1) in sentences that have the nature of a logical definition: Geometry - departmentmathematicians, studying spatial forms and relationships of bodies;

2) in proposals for book-writing styles (scientific, journalistic, official-business), containing a characteristic, assessment of an object or phenomenon: Matter- objectivereality,existing outside and independently of human consciousness;Disarmament- decreetime;

3) in sentences of identity (subject and predicate express the same concept): Moscow is the capitalRussia;

4) after homogeneous subjects: Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan- the largestcitiesVolga region;

5) with structural parallelism of parts of the sentence: Diligentin the brigade -treasure, lazy- a heavy burden;

6) to clarify the meaning of the proposal; Wed: Olderhis sister - teacher;Olderhis sister is his teacher.

Note. In some cases, the dash is usually omitted:

1) in simple sentences of the spoken style of speech: My mother is an engineer; My brother is a schoolboy;

2) if comparative unions act as a ligament as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, do not care what etc.: Speeches as speeches(Tuyere.); The stars are like small diamonds; The clouds are like fabulous monsters; Today the sky is like the sea.

Deviations from this position among classic writers and among modern authors are associated with previous punctuation norms or with the desire to emphasize the shade of comparison contained in the predicate: Your speeches are like a sharp knife(L.); Such a phrase is like a big helmet in a jerk(T.); This girl is like a holiday!(Al.); The term of the war is that life is a century(Tv.);

3) if there is a negation in front of the predicate not: This officer is not like you(Fed.); ... The Ussuri tiger is not a fairy tale at all, almost(March.); Poverty is not a vice(running); Heart is not a stone(running); Analogy is not proof.

The setting of a dash in this case is intended to logically and intonationally emphasize the predicate: But an explanation is not an excuse(M.G.); His views on family etiquette - is this not a prejudice ?;

4) if there is an introductory word between the subject and the predicate, sometimes an adverb, union, particle: Dubava seems to be a friend of Korchagin(AND ABOUT.); Risk, as you know, is a noble cause; A rash act in generalstepdangerous;Sergeevnow famousartist; Firtootreeresinous;MarchonlyStartspring. Wed the presence or absence of a dash, depending on the specified conditions: Ivanov- goodchess player; Ivanov,seems not badchess player(presence of an introductory word); Ivanovnow experiencedchess player(the presence of an adverb); Ivanovalso a famous chess player(presence of a union); Ivanovjust a beginnerchess player(presence of a particle);

5) if the predicate is preceded by a minor member of the sentence related to it: StepanUSneighbor(Sh.); Kolyato mefriend;

6) if the predicate precedes the subject: Beautifulman Ivan Ivanovich!(G.); Gloriousplacethisvalley!(L.); PicturesqueIndian people(Hound.); Not badstudentthisboy. The setting of a dash in this case emphasizes the intonation division of the sentence into two parts: Gloriouspeople are neighborsmy!(N.); Amazingcase- dream(T.); Psychologicalcuriosity - my mother(Ch.); Dexterouslittle thing - umishkohuman(M.G.); The coffin is the road(Tv.);

7) if the subject in combination with the predicate forms an indecomposable phraseological turnover: Penny pricetheory that fixes some patterns(Goal.); Two of a Kind(rm.).

2. Dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if both of them are expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) or if one of the main members is expressed by the nominative form of the noun, and the other - by the indefinite form of the verb: About decidedtalk- onlyconfuse(M.G.); Our duty is to protectfortress until our last breath(P.); Of course it's bigart is to wait(Sob.); Teadrink- not firewoodchop(last); Maketo turn me off the right path -pipes !; Writemediocre things -no talent is needed for this(the infinitive in the function of the nominative theme, the predicate is expressed as a whole sentence); Seemingly,which is easier - to writeresponse letter(cf .: Writing a reply letter is a simple matter).

But (with inversion and no pause): Whichhappinesssonhug!(Dolm.)

3. Dash placed before words this, this is, it means, this means, here, attaching the predicate to the subject: Catchruff or perch - this isbliss!(Ch.); Sports and culture - here are two keysto joy, beauty(gas.); To understand is to forgive; Latestautumn - itwhen from frost the rowan wrinkles and becomes,as they say,"Sweet"(Prishv.) - the whole sentence acts as a predicate.

4. Dash is put if both main members of the sentence are expressed in cardinal numbers or if one of them is expressed in the nominative case of a noun, and the other in a numeral or a turnover with a numeral: Twenty years- goodthing(Sim.); Partings and meetings- twothe mainparts,of which happiness will come someday(Dolm.); Three times five - fifteen; The speed is sixty kilometers per hour.

Note. In special literature, when characterizing an object, a dash is often not put in this case: Crane lifting capacity 2.5 t, boom radius 5 m; The melting point of gold is 1063 ° C.

5. Dash is placed between the subject, expressed in an undefined form of the verb, and the predicate, expressed by the predicative adverb (category of state) in -o, if there is a pause between the main members of the sentence: To give in is shameful(Tendr.); This is veryunbearable - to move(Hound.); Thisawful - to be cowardlyat the last moment; It's fuckingfun - to rideon the boat[cf. without pause: Rideon the boatfun; Judgea person in disfavor is veryeasy(L.T.)].

6. Dash placed before a predicate, a pronounced phraseological phrase: Both woman and man -penny pair(Ch.); And the porch -God forbid another prince(A.T.); Earning from him now -be healthy;Seryozha - seventh water on jelly and you and me.

7. With a subject expressed by a word it,dash put or not put depending on the logical selection of the subject and the presence or absence of a pause after it. Wed:

This is the beginningof all beginnings. - This is not badStart; This is loneliness(Ch.). - This is homeZverkova(G.).

8. The dash is usually not put if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the predicate is by the nominative form of the noun: He is a corruption, he is a plague, he is an ulcerlocal places(Cr.); I'm honestHumanand I never say compliments(Ch.).

Dash in this case, put:

1) with boolean underscore: I am the pageyour pen. I will take everything. I am a white page. I AM -the keeperyour good ...(Colored);

2) when opposed: I am a manufacturer, you are a ship owner(M.G.); She is solidclewnot ditches, buthe - embodimentOlympic calm;

3) with structural parallelism of sentences or parts of a sentence: Without youI am- starwithout light. Without youI am- creatorwithout peace(Br.); We - peoplerestless becausewe - in responsefor the planet, Two people, he and she, walked side by side: he is youngHumanin a dark suit, she is young, very prettyyoung womanin a colorful dress;

4) when inverting the main members of the sentence: Heroof this performance - I; Exampleto that - he.

9. A dash is not put if one of the main members is expressed by an interrogative pronoun, and the other - by a noun in the form of a nominative case or a personal pronoun: Tell me,whoyourfriend,and I'll tell youwho are you;Thiswhose book ?;Who are you?

10. A dash is usually not put if the predicate is expressed by an adjective, pronominal adjective, prepositional-nominal combination: The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the driver is stubborn ...(P.); The earth is great and beautiful(Ch.); Cherrymy garden!(Ch.); Sky withouta singleclouds; Peoplehereextraordinary kindness.

Dash before the predicate-adjective:

1) with logical or intonational division of the sentence: Pupils - feline, long(Sh.); Heightnear the scattered houses of the farm -command(Kaz.);

2) in the presence of homogeneous predicates: RhythmSuvorov School -clear, fast, military (gas);It has changed a lot:gait, movements, facial features,evenlook - softer, calmer, easier;

3) with structural parallelism of parts of the sentence: The night is warm, the sky is blue, the moon is silvery, the stars are shining.

11. In footnotes, a dash separates the explained word from the explanation, regardless of the form of expression of the predicate: Poseidon - in ancient Greek mythology, the god of the seas;Pegasus - considered a symbolpoetic inspiration.

§ 6. Dash in an incomplete sentence

1. Dash is put in the presence of a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate): To the left, in the corner, at the door, on the stool - a bucket of water for the thirsty(Assist.); Behind the gate is the third parade ground, drill, of extraordinary size(Kupr.); Guys - for the axes ...(A.T.); And you are with your daughter?(Fed.); And at the door - pea jackets, greatcoats, sheepskin coats ...(M.); Outside the night window - fog(Bl.); The Olympic flame is on our land!(gas.); In the role of the offended - small children; And then - a moment's silence; Watermelons and melons - mountains; Cows - two; In response - complete silence; Ahead - A. Karpov.

If there is no pause in elliptical sentences, the dash is omitted: And in the house knocking, walking ...(Gr.); Suddenly in front of me is a deep rupture(L.); The creak of footsteps along the streets of white, lights in the distance(Fet); Ukrainians have a fire! (M.G.); Revolver on the table!(Tr.); On the right is the door to the next room, on the left is the exit to the terrace(this is how the stage directions in the plays are made); This is the whole point.

2. Dash is put in incomplete sentences with parallelism of structures (sentences or parts of a sentence): Her[literature] beauty is in truth, its main meaning is in truth(Cor.); In all windows - curious, on the roofs - boys(A.T.); Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(S.-Sh.); Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert, at the other end - forests, swamps, moss(Fed.); Turkin - further. The author follows(Tv.); And over this plow - all the dreams, and under this plow - all the earth, and the soul - as in the first moment of a date, and the soul - as the sail of a ship(Bl.); Oh, I want to live madly, everything that exists - to perpetuate, the impersonal - to humanize, the unfulfilled - to embody!(Bl.); There is no fence. There is no gate. There are no boundaries. In front of the house - a flower garden, a fence, behind - a square courtyard strewn with fresh sand(Cat.); Milk soup - for the first, pancakes with cottage cheese - for the second.

3. Dash is put in incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the dative and accusative forms, without subject and predicate, with a clear intonation division into two parts: For skiers - a good base; Massam - culture; Education for youth. Typically, such sentences are used as slogans and newspaper headlines.

4. Dash is placed in dismembered (two-term) headings, which are incomplete verbal sentences, in which there are words with the meaning of the subject of action, object, circumstances, answering the questions "who - what?", "who - where?", "what - where?" , "What - how?", "What - where?" etc.: Youth Masters of Arts; Tourism is for everyone; Detachments - on the way; Heroes are nearby; Concerns and joys - in half; New books are snapped up.

5. Dash is put in an incomplete sentence that forms part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the place of the omission: Yermolai fired victoriously, as always; I'm pretty bad(T.); Outside the window of the carriage, a hummocky plain floated, bushes ran, the distant ones - slowly, the near ones - in a race(A.T.); The voices of the officers grew louder by the minute, the words sharper, the arguments more irreconcilable.(Goal.); The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge(last); Pick up a few more examples, which doesn't matter; In his eyes - how to get rid of me as soon as possible; Now I understand why he attracts everyone - his inflexibility; We got down to business cheerfully, they even enthusiastically; It was difficult to establish which of them was right and who was wrong.(compare without auxiliary verb: It was difficult to establish who was right and who was wrong); Some voted for the proposed resolution, others, on the contrary, against(cf .: Some voted for, others against); To go further through the bog was dangerous, to stay too; Only steel alloys can withstand such a temperature, and only titanium alloys of light metals; There was a lot of construction work ahead, and most importantly, the construction of a water supply system; You have been here for a long time, and I have only been here for a few days; Some work, understanding their business as common to everyone, others - trying to benefit only for themselves; Passengers ... stuffed suitcases, bags, packages, carried pillows, some - to lie with their heads from the window, some - to head to the window(Rose); The pockets were double: the inner one was made of linen, the outer one was made of a gray calico(South.); One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms.

If there is no pause at the place where a member of the sentence is skipped, the dash is not put: Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he(Ch.); From our battery, only Salty will go on a barge, while we are with a combat unit(Ch.); Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him(Ven.); The thief has one sin, and the owner and I have ten(Acute); ... You do things long, and I do short things.(Leon.).

6. Dash is placed in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence with the omission of any member and even without a gap: They looked at each other: Paradise - with cold curiosity, she - with daring triumph(Hound.); There was such a girl in everyone's life. One met his in the laboratory, the other in the radio room, the third in the geological party, the fourth in the sea, the fifth in the sky, at the intersection of airways(Hump.); In the hall, the witnesses spoke - hastily, in discolored voices, the judges - reluctantly and indifferently(M.G.).

§ 7. Intonational dash

1. Dash is put to indicate the place of the splitting of a simple sentence into verbal groups, in order to emphasize or clarify the semantic relations between the members of the sentence, when other punctuation marks or word order the right meaning cannot be expressed. Wed:

I couldn't walk for a long time(i.e., was deprived of the opportunity to move for a long period, for example, after a serious illness). - I couldn't walk for a long time(i.e., could not engage in long-term walking);

In case of need - please(i.e., if necessary, please contact me). - If necessary, please(that is, I make a request when I am in need).

Such a dash is called intonation, it can separate any part of the sentence: ... Life is gushing unstoppably, irreparably. Substitute bowls and plates! Any plate will be shallow, a bowl will be flat(Colored); Let's go to the club - read, play checkers, dance - a dash in front of homogeneous circumstances of the goal emphasizes their connection with the predicate (cf. also: I take binoculars - watch); Everyone loved him - for his inherent perseverance, willpower, for the full-bloodedness of his entire being; Pedestrians were approaching the station - with bundles, bags, suitcases - homogeneous members sentences refer to the predicate and have the meaning of the object, and in the absence of a dash, they could be perceived as inconsistent definitions to the subject: I - what, are you a major specialist(cf .: Does he not agree to leave?).

2. The intonation character is also dash, which is placed between the members of the sentence to express surprise or to indicate logical stress: And they threw the pike into the river(Cr.); A few minutes later the chains rattled, the doors opened, and entered - Shvabrin(P.).

§ 8. The connecting dash

1. Dash placed between two or more words to denote limits ("from ... to"):

1) spatial: Non-stop flightMoscow - Khabarovsk;Through this village you could go to the big pathUralsk - Lbischensk - Sakharnaya - Guryev(Tuyere.);

2) temporary: CrusadesXI-XIII centuries;The repertoire of the theater forJanuary March;

3) quantitative: Manuscript volumeten - twelvecopyright sheets(the same in figures: 10 - 12 ); Cargo weighing 300 - 350 tons;5 - 7 times superiority.

Note. If between two adjacent numbers it is possible to insert not words by meaning from to, and the word or, then they connect hyphen:Will be on a business tripfive sixdays(but with a digital designation, a dash is put: ... 5 - 6 days).

2. Dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called a doctrine, scientific institution, etc.: Physical lawBoyle - Mariotte;MatchKarpov - Kasparov;MatchTorpedo Moscow - Metalist Kharkov.

3. Dash placed between separate words to show the internal connection between them: The congress of the International Union of Architects, held under the slogan"Architecture - Human - environment» (gas.); Yesterday Today Tomorrow.

Choose the correct answer options. To check the completed task, click the "Check" button.

Dash between subject and predicate

There are several cases when a dash must be placed between the subject and the predicate for the intonational-logical division of a phrase.

1. If both main members are expressed by nouns in the nominative case, for example:
Taman - the nastiest town from all coastal cities of Russia(Lermontov).

2. If both main members are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form (infinitives), for example: Scientist teach- only spoil (proverb).

3. If both principal terms are expressed in numerals, for example: Five three -fifteen.

4. And also if the subject and predicate are expressed by all possible combinations of these parts of speech:

noun and infinitive, for example: Our task isreflect the attack;

infinitive and noun, for example: Helping people with disabilities is ourduty;

numerals and nouns, for example: Four is evennumber;

a noun and a phrase with a numeral, for example: Area of ​​a triangle -five square centimeters.

5. In addition, a dash is placed in front of a predicate, a pronounced phraseological phrase: Pie - lick your fingers; Night - even gouge out an eye.

6. If the predicate contains indicative words THIS, HERE or MEANING, a dash should always be placed in front of them, regardless of which part of speech the main members of the sentence are expressed. For instance: Paris -it is the capital of France; To understand is to forgive; All past, present, future are us, not the blind force of the elements(Bitter).

There are three notes to this rule. A dash between the subject and the predicate, which are expressed by nouns, verbs in an indefinite form, numerals or combinations of these parts of speech, is NOT put if

1. Before the predicate, which is expressed by a noun, numeral or phraseological turnover, there is a negative particle NOT, for example: Old age is not a joy(last).
Note: this does not apply to sentences with a selbri-infinitive (for example: Drinking tea is not firewoodchop) and sentences with the words THIS, HERE, MEANS (for example: Analogy is not proof);

2. The predicate is preceded by a comparative union (AS, LIKELY, WILL), for example: The sunset is likeglow of fire.

3. Between the subject and the predicate-noun there is an introductory word, circumstance or addition, as well as a union or particle: Rook, of course, is a smart and independent bird, but he has no voice(Paustovsky); Moscow is now a port of five seas; This stream is just the beginning of a river.

THE EXERCISE

Grushnitsky _ cadet (Lermontov).

Aren't you a hunter? (Turgenev).

The main subject of his _ natural Sciences(Turgenev).

Dilute racea _ chat empty (Ostrovsky).

The pond is like shiny steel (Fet).

They are some kind of landowners (Dostoevsky).

Memories are just shame and hair tearing (Goncharov).

His goal is to become the hero of the novel (Lermontov).

Distant farewell _ extra tears (Ostrovsky).

Zero yes zero _ zero (Fonvizin).

An ignoramus without a soul is a beast (Fonvizin).

Are you a student? (Dostoevsky).

Mother shed tears of joy, but father - at least something!

The calendar is the work schedule of the sun for the whole year (Vitaly Bianki).

Remember that the author of "Symphony" is a young man, a natural science student working in a laboratory in organic chemistry and conducting two kinds of conversations: with fellow extremists who preach that "we are all flying somewhere"; and with decent, tradition-honored private docents (White).

His father is a military doctor, exiled by Nicholas the First ... (Bely).

And the eternal torment is to be eternally silent, not to speak precisely about what is truly yours and the only present, which requires the most legitimate expression, that is, a trace, embodiment and preservation at least in a word! (Bunin).

And this is all that was in my life, and the rest is an unnecessary dream (Bunin).

In my understanding, this is what happens: to a working person, if he is not a hitchhiker, not a shopkeeper, he wants to look at the beauty of the mountain, but everyone climbs into a hole with some kind of thought of his own (Bazhov).

It seems to me that happy people are not young, but drunk, - she continued to whisper. (Bitter).

Tell me, is Mastakov a couple for my Lida or not a couple? (Averchenko).

The roots of the trees along the path are like the fingers of giants.

Remember, Dasha, that to lie is to humiliate yourself (Bryusov).

Since it was impossible to tell the truth, the only thing left for him to do was to end his intimacy with Georges and from now on just maintain friendly relations (Stepnyak-Kravchinsky).

He has a talent _ God forbid everyone.

My conscience and mind tell me that the best thing I could do now is to give the boys a farewell lecture, say the last word to them, bless them and give up my place to a man who is younger and stronger than me (Chekhov).

To leave the city, from the struggle, from the noise of everyday life, to leave and hide in one’s estate is not life, this is selfishness, laziness, this is a kind of monasticism, but monasticism without heroic deeds (Chekhov).

My goal is to defeat this many-headed hydra (Chekhov).

Theater is a force that unites all the arts in one, and actors are missionaries (Chekhov).

Do not put your finger in Yefim's mouth (Shukshin).

Untruth, indifference is a paralysis of the soul, premature death (Chekhov).

When he returned home, she, already dressed and combed, was sitting by the window and with an anxious face drank coffee and leafed through a book of a thick magazine, and he thought that drinking coffee was not such a wonderful event that it was worth making a worried face because of it. , and that in vain she wasted time on a fashionable hairstyle, since there is no one to like it here and for nothing (Turgenev).

A nihilist is a person who does not bow before any authorities, who does not accept a single principle on faith, no matter how respect this principle is surrounded (Turgenev).

Didn't you yourself say today that she married strangely, although, in my opinion, marrying a rich old man is not at all strange, but, on the contrary, prudent (Turgenev).

I just want to say that aristocracy is a principle, and only immoral or empty people can live without principles in our time (Turgenev).

My God, I am the secretary of the Zemstvo Council, the council where Protopopov presides, I am the secretary, and the most I can hope for is to be a member of the Zemstvo Council! (Chekhov).