the main Geography History of Africa BC. Africa: The history of the countries of the continent

History of Africa BC. Africa: The history of the countries of the continent

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted by http://www.allbest.ru/

History of Africa

Introduction

The oldest archaeological finds indicating the processing of grain in Africa are dated to the thirteenth millennium BC. e. Cattle breeding in Sahara began approx. 7500 BC er, and organized agriculture in the Nile area appeared in 6 millennia BC. e. In Sahara, a group of fishermen hunters, the archaeological finds are inhabited, and the archaeological finds. A variety of petroglyphs and rock paintings dated from 6000 BC were found throughout the Sahara. e. until the VII century n. e. The most famous monument of primitive art Northern Africa is Tassilin-Agere.

1. Ancient Africa

In the 6-5th millennium BC. In the valley of the Nile, agricultural cultures are developing (Tsyiyan culture, fire, Merimda), based on the civilization of Christian Ethiopia (XII-XVI century). These foci of civilization were surrounded by the cattle breeding tribes of Libyans, as well as the ancestors of modern coschito- and nitilo-speaking peoples. On the territory of the modern desert of the Sahara (formerly suitable for the habitat of the savanna) to the 4th millennium BC. e. A cattle breeding and agriculture. From the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. e. When the sugar drying begins, the population of Sahara retreats to the south, pushing the local population of tropical Africa.

By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. A horse spreads in sugar. Based on horse breeding (from the first centuries, e. - also camels) and oasis agriculture in Sugar there is a city civilization (the city of Telga, Debis, Garam), there is a Libyan letter. On the Mediterranean coast of Africa in the XII-II centuries BC. e. The Phoenician-Carthage Civilization flourished. In Africa, south of the Sahara in the 1st millennium BC. e. Metallurgy of iron is extended everywhere. There was no culture of the Bronze Age, and there was a direct transition from Neolithic to the Iron Age. The culture of the Iron Century is distributed both in the West (NOC) and in the East (Northeast Zambia and South-West Tanzania) Tropical Africa.

The spread of iron contributed to the development of new territories, first of all - tropical forests, and became one of the reasons for the resettlement for the most part of the tropical and South Africa peoples who spell on the bands who pushed back to the north and south of representatives of Ethiopian and capoid races.

2. The emergence of the first states in Africa

According to modern historical science, the first state (south of the Sahara) appeared on the territory of Mali in the 3rd century - it was the state of Ghana. The ancient Ghana traded gold and metals, even with the Roman Empire and Byzantium. Perhaps this state arose significantly earlier, but during the existence of the colonial authorities of England and France, all information about Ghana was missing (the colonizers did not want to recognize that Ghana is significantly ancient of England and France).

Under the influence of Ghana in West Africa, later other states - Mali, Songai, Kanem, Tarur, House, Ifra, Kano and other countries of West Africa appeared. Another focus of the emergence of states in Africa is the surroundings of Lake Victoria (the territory of modern Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi). The first state there appeared about the 11th century - it was the state of Kitara.

In my opinion, the state of the Kitara was created by migrants from the territory of modern Sudan - the Nilotian tribes, which the Arab settlers were supplanted from their territory. Later there appeared other states - Buganda, Rwanda, Analysis. At about the same time (according to scientific history) - in the 11th century, in the south of Africa there was a state of mine, which will disappear at the end of the 17th century (will be destroyed by wild tribes). I believe that the beginning of the beginning existence is much earlier, and the inhabitants of this state are the descendants of the most ancient metallurgists of the world that have connections still with asuras and Atlants.

Colonies in Africa interrupted the development of the peoples of Africa, distorted its entire history. Until now, significant archaeological studies in Africa is not held (African countries themselves, and in England and France, the true history of Africa is not needed, as well as in Russia, in Russia, too, good research on ancient history Rus is not held, the money goes to buy locks and yachts in Europe, total corruption deprives the science of real research).

3. Africa in the Middle Ages

The foci of civilizations of tropical Africa spread in the direction from north to south (in the eastern part of the continent) and partly from the east to the West (especially in the western part) - as the North Africa and the Middle East removed from the high civilizations. Most of the major sociocultural communities of tropical Africa had an incomplete set of signs of civilization, therefore, more precisely, they can be called protocylizations. From the end of the III century n. e. In West Africa, West Republic (Ghana), from the VIII-IX century - Central Sewage (Kanem) of civilization, which emerged on the basis of transbshak trade with the Mediterranean countries are developing in Senegal basins.

After the Arab conquests of North Africa (VII), Arabs were for a long time became the only mediators between the tropical Africa and the rest of the world, including through the Indian Ocean, where the Arab Fleet dominated. Under Arabic influence there are new urban civilizations in Nubia, Ethiopia and East Africa. The cultures of the Western and Central Sudan merged into a single West African, or Sudanese, the zone of civilizations, stretching from Senegal to the modern Republic of Sudan.

In the 2nd Millennium, this zone was combined politically and economically in Muslim empires: Mali (XIII-XV century), which was subordinate to the small political entities of the peoples of Fulbe, Volof, Server, Sun and Songai (Trakur, Jolof, Sin, Salum, Kaoror, Coco et al.), Songai (mid XV - end of the XVI century) and Born (end XV - beginning of the 18th century) - Kanem successor. Between Songai and Born since the beginning of the XVI century, the Husian city-states (Daura, Zapadar, Kano, Rano, Gobier, Katsin, Zaria, Biram, Cabbi, and others), in the XVII century, were increasing, to which the role of the main centers of Transhakar Trade. Sudanese civilizations in the 1st millennium N. e. The protocivization of the IFE, which became the cradle of the civilization of Yoruba and Bini (Benin, Oo). Its influence was experienced by Dagomeys, igboo, nupu, and others. To the west of her in the 2nd millennium, the Akano-Ashanti Protocylization was formed, whose flourishing came to the XVII - the beginning of the XIX century. Siga, a political center, founded by MOSI, and others, a political center, founded by MOSI, and other people who spell in the Languages \u200b\u200bof the GUR (t. N. Moshi Dagombi-Mamprusi complex) and turned to the middle of the 15th century to the Wolish Protocyurization (Early Polytic Education of Ouagadougou, Yateng, Gourmet , Dagomb, Mompsy).

In the central Cameroon, the protocivilization of the Bamuum and Bamilek arose, in the Congo River Basin - Kong, Ngola, Loango, NGOO, COGO), south of Savannov (Kuba's early Polytical Education) Lunda, Luba), in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Great Lakes - Intersiotrope Protocylization: Early Polytic Education Buganda (XIII century), Kitara (XIII - XV century), Bunoro (from the XVI century), Later - NcKore (XVI century), Rwanda (XVI century), Burundi (XVI century), Karagwe (XVII century), Kiziba (XVII century), Busoga (XVII century), Ucerev (end of the XIX century), Toro (end of the XIX century), etc. In East Africa, from the X century flourished Suakhili Muslim civilization (city-state Kilva, Pat, Mombasa, Lama, Malindi, Sofala, etc., Sultanat Zanzibar), in Southeast Africa - Zimbabvian (Zimbabwe, Monomota) Protocylization (X - XIX century), in Madagascar The process of the State Education ended at the beginning of the XIX century to the union of all early polytics The islands around the XV century around the XV century. Most African civilizations and protocivilizations experienced a rise in the late XV - XVI centuries.

From the end of the XVI century, with the penetration of Europeans and the development of transatlantic slave trade, which lasted until the middle of the XIX century, their decline occurs. All North Africa (except Morocco) by the beginning of the XVII century entered the Ottoman Empire. With the final section of Africa between European powers (1880s), a colonial period was occurring, forcibly introduced Africans to industrial civilization.

4. Colonization of Africa

tASIIY African colonization of the slave trade

In the ancient era, the object of colonization from Europe and the Malaya Asia was North Africa. The first attempts of Europeans subjugate African territories are dating even time of ancient Greek colonization of 7-5 BC BC, when numerous Greek colonies appeared on the coast of Libya and Egypt. The conquest of Alexander Macedonian marked the beginning of a fairly long period of Hellenization of Egypt. Although the bulk of its inhabitants, Copts, and was not even illuminated, the rulers of this country (including the last queen Cleopatra) perceived the Greek language and the culture that fully dominated Alexandria. The city of Carthage was founded on the territory of modern Tunisia by the Phoenicians and was one of the most important powers of the Mediterranean to the IV century BC. e.

After the third Punic war, he was conquered by the Romans and became the center of Africa's province. In the early Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Vandals was founded on this territory, and later it was part of Byzantium. The invasions of the Roman troops allowed the consolidation under the control of the Romans all the north coast of Africa. Despite the extensive economic and architectural activities of the Romans, the territories were subjected to weak novelism apparently due to excessive aridness and the incessant activity of Berber tribes, pushed, but unoccupied by the Romans. Ancient Egyptian civilization also dropped under the government first the Greeks, and then the Romans. In the conditions of the decline of the Empire, the vandals of Berbers finally destroy the foci of European, as well as the Christian civilization in North Africa on the eve of the invasion of Arabs, brought with them Islam and who pushed the Byzantine Empire, still controlled Egypt.

By the beginning of the VII century n. e. The activities of early European states in Africa are completely terminated, on the contrary, the expansion of Arabs from Africa takes place in many regions of southern Europe. Attacks of the Spanish and Portuguese troops in the XV-XVI centuries. They led to the seizure of a number of supporting points in Africa (Canary Islands, as well as the fortresses of Seut, Melilla, Oran, Tunisia, and many others). Italian navigators from Venice and Genoa also lead active trading with the region since the XIII century. At the end of the 15th century, the Portuguese actually controlled the Western Coast of Africa and launched an active workshop. After them, other Western European powers are rushed to Africa: the Dutch, French, the British.

Since the XVII century, Arab trading with Africa south of Sahara led to the gradual colonization of East Africa, in the area of \u200b\u200bZanzibar. And although the Arab neighborhoods appeared in some cities of West Africa, they did not become the colonies, and the attempt to Morocco subordinate to themselves of the Sahel was failed. Early European expeditions were concentrated on the colonization of uninhabited islands, such as Cape Verde and Sao Tome, as well as on the basis of forts on the coast as trading databases. In the second half of the XIX century, especially after the Berlin Conference 1885, the process of colonization of Africa acquired such a scale that he received the name "Racing for Africa"; Almost the entire continent (except for the remaining independent Ethiopia and Liberia) by 1900 was divided between a number of European powers: Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, their old colonies were kept and somewhat expanded Spain and Portugal.

During World War II, Germany lost (mainly in 1914), their African colonies, which, after the war, passed under the administration of other colonial powers on the mandates of the League of Nations. Russian empire I never claimed the colonization of Africa, despite the traditionally strong positions in Ethiopia, except for the incident in Sagallo, which occurred in 1889.

Posted on Allbest.ru.

...

Brief report on the mainland of Africa

Africa is the hottest mainland on Earth. This is the second largest mainland after Eurasia.

Square Africa - 29.2 million km 2, and together with the islands it is 30.3 million km 2.

The highest vertex is Kilimanjaro volcano, and the deepest depression - Lake Assal. Most of the territory occupy a plateau and hill. By the way, in Africa, much less mountain areas in contrast to other continents.

Geographical location of the mainland Africa

Mainland belongs to the group of southern continents. It was formed after the expansion of the long-time continent called Gondwan. Africa has the smishest coastline. The biggest bay on the mainland is the Guinean Bay. Also a large number of small bays are in the Mediterranean. But the only major peninsula is Somalia. It is worth noting that the islands at the mainland are quite small - their area is 1.1 million km 2, the largest coastline belongs to Madagascar Island.

Relief Africa

Mostly relief Africa is plain, this is because the base of the mainland is represented by an ancient platform. Over time, she slowly climbed, because of what high plains were formed: plateau, plateaus, mountain basins and ridges. In the north and west, Africa prevailed plates, and in the eastern and southern part, on the contrary, shields. Here heights are higher than 1000 m. Continental East African faults are stretched across the eastern part of the mainland. Faults led to the formation of rabes, horschers, Nagrai. It is here that volcanic eruptions and strong earthquakes occur constantly.

Climate Africa

The mainland climate is due to its position in tropical and equatorial latitudes, as well as flat relief. From the Equator to the south and north, climatic belts from equatorial to subtropical are consistently replaced. In the territories with a tropical belt, the highest temperatures on the planet are fixed. In the mountains, the temperature drops below 0 ° C. Paradoxically, it falls on the hottest mainland annually in the atlas. And on the top of Mount Kilimanjaro, there are even glaciers. Special in Africa and atmospheric circulation - the amount of precipitation drops decreases from the equator, and in the tropics their number is the smallest. And in the subtropics there are more. You can see the tendency to reduce the amount of precipitation from the east to the west.

Water resources Africa

The largest river is the Congo River. Large rivers belong to Zambezi, Niger, Limpopo and Orange. Large lakes - Rudolph, Tanganyika and Nyasa.

Natural zones and wealth of Africa

Africa has such natural zones - an area of \u200b\u200bequatorial forests, a zone of variable-wet forests, a zone of savannah and a parel, the desert zone and semi-deserts, evergreen forests and shrubs. Africa is considered to be a storeroom. Here are the richest deposits of gold, diamonds, uranium, copper, rare metals. In Western and North Africa, gas deposits, oil, aluminum and phosphorite ores are common.

Brief message about the peoples of Africa

The northern part inhabited by Arabs, Berbers, which belong to the Indo-Mediterranean race. Sug from Sahara, the peoples of Negrille, Negrine and Bushmen races live. The peoples of the Ethiopian race live in Northeast Africa. South Insian and Negroid races live in the southern territories of Africa.

By the way, the largest mammals on land live here.
The name of Africa is derived from the name of the tribe that once lived in the north and was called Africa.
The mainland accounts for half the mined diamonds and gold in the world.
In Lake Malawi, the most types of fish are found on the planet.
Here leaks the longest river in the world - Neal.
Interestingly, the island of Chad over the past 38 years has decreased by 95%.

We hope that brief information about Africa helped you. And you can leave your story about Africa through comment form.

Introduction

"Africa will write its history, glorious and honorable for the entire continent, from the north to the south," said the unforgettable Patrice Lumumba shortly before he was killed in 1961 and indeed, now Africa with a revolutionary enthusiasm inherent on her revive the most important historical Traditions and restore cultural values. At the same time, she has to continually overcome the barriers that the colonialists erected and carefully protected to extinguish the Africans from the truth. The legacy of imperialism deeply penetrates the most different areas of life. Its ideological impact on the consciousness of the peoples of tropical Africa was and remains no less important than those inherited from colonialism economic and social backwardness, poverty, humiliated position and dependence on foreign monopolies.

Now, however, the peoples of Africa strongly disappear from themselves chains that colonialists associated them. In the 50s and early 60s, most of the peoples of Africa who were under the IGG imperialism reached political independence. It was an important milestone on the difficult path of their struggle against imperialism, for national sovereignty and social progress. Gradually, they come to understand that their struggle constitutes part of the world revolutionary, the process in which the main role belongs to the socialist community of states led by Soviet Union. African peoples make tremendous efforts to strengthen the conquered political independence and respond with the numerous mischinios of neo-imperialists. They have such complex tasks such as deep social and economic transformations, democratic agricultural reforms, the elimination of the prevalence of foreign monopolies, the creation of an independent national economy. However, at the current stage, the task of the revival of national culture, partially destroyed or by the printed colonial powers, and the restoration of the folk historical traditions and the glorious acts of the past in the memory of the people's historical traditions is not less renovated.

The study of the history of African peoples received a new direction. To successfully fight against imperialism, it is necessary not only to know about the glorious exploits of fighters against colonialism, but also to imagine a wonderful history of state formations of the Preolonional period. Researchers managed almost everywhere to disrupt her family and mystics, and now they seek to identify the most important progressive and revolutionary traditions, so important for the modern national liberation revolution. Progressive African historiography will be able to fulfill this difficult task only with the support of Marxists and other forces around the world fighting against imperialism. They are united by the overall desire to overthrow, the yoke of imperialists and neocolonialists, eliminate the discrimination and, of course, to refute the reactionary bourgeois theories of African history, representing the apology of colonialism.

To which only fabrications did not resorted the capitalists to justify the robbery of the colonies! Through many printed works, the red thread passes the idea that before the coming of the colonial gentlemen, Africans were completely or almost completely deprived of the ability to public progress. This idea was developed on all the frets and strongly spread. Only 30 years ago, one colonial official called the Africans "Sky, which has passed the story." There is no number of statements relating to the peoples of Africa to the "non-historical" and even imparting them to the "level of wild animals". The history of Africa was depicted in the form of permanent tides from the outside and the "waves of higher civilization", which to a certain extent contributed to the development of the African population, doomed on stagnation. European colonialists were attributed to "dynamic, creative, cultural impulses coming from the side", prolonged rational impact, for "Ancient-African culture is deprived of the inherent Western civilization of the Faustian desire for eternal life, research and discoveries."

In fact, the history of the peoples of Africa south of the Sahara was reduced to the system of alien cultural surplus. For the worst persuasion, the imperialists were depicted by the "highest cultural terracers." Continuing the falsification of the history of Africa, the apologists of colonialism assessed the ruthless colonial robbery of Africans as goodbye, especially the beneficial for their culture and allegedly discovered the path from stagnation to modern progress. Obviously, what political and social functions are designed to perform similar theories: They intended to disguise the true essence and scale of colonial oppression and thereby deprive the anticolonial and national liberation movement of its anti-imperialist orientation.

Now these false fictions about the historical development of Africa are not as often as possible. Imperialistic propaganda is forced - and not only in historiography and politics - resort to more sophisticated and flexible forms. The growing power of the really existing socialism and the successes of the national liberation movement makes it put forward theories that correspond to the new tasks of neocolonialism to more than the colonial apologetic and racist versions of the old sample. However, the tone is still asked the imperialists. True, bourgeois historiography is subject to multiple differentiation processes.

In some capital works, for example, the monographs R. Kornneva, R. Oliver, J. Matthew, P. Duignen, L. A. Gann, FR. Anshprenger, and in many special work the history of Africa is considered from a more realistic point of view. Their authors in some cases have achieved very important results in empirical research and in consideration of private issues, but the assessment of historical sources, setting the problem and is the last on account, but not much importantly - the bad conclusions and classification of materials are forced to attribute these scientists to the ideologists of late capitalism. Theoretical provisions put it are no less dangerous than the ideas of the apologists of imperialism. Suffice it to say that in some of the recent work on history and sociology an attempt is made to separate the struggle of the progressive forces of the national liberation movement for social progress from the world socialist system and the labor movement in highly developed capitalist countries.

Many historical works for narrow topics, such as the reasons for the backwardness of a country, about the formation of "elite", serve to disguise the neocolonial expansion.

Marxists and other progressive elements fighting against imperialism, including in African national states, declared war on this view. In the sketch of the history of tropical Africa from ancient times, which constitutes the content of this book, the historical and cultural development of the peoples of the continent to the south of Sahara must be objectively traced, and inhuman exploitation was revealed by colonialism. Those Samgm refute the main provisions of pro-imperialist "science".

In the Soviet Union after the October Socialist Revolution, and in the countries of the Socialist System after 1945 a new period of Africanis began. Scientists of these states, as well as Marxists and other progressive researchers around the world, and more and more often in the African countries themselves, are published in last years Serious work on the ancient and new history of Africa. This caused a revolution in Africanist, which was previously almost completely influenced by the colonialist (especially historiography of tropical Africa from ancient times to the section of its territory with imperialistic colonial powers). The monographs "Peoples of Africa", compiled by the team of authors under the leadership of D. A. Oliderogge I. and Poykhin (in 1961, was published in GDR), laid the foundations for numerous serious research on certain problems with Soviet Africanis. Thanks to this, the work of the Soviet scientists on linguistics and the history of Africa received international fame. E. Shik (Hungary), I. Khrbek (Czechoslovakia), M. Malovist (Poland) sought to fill the well-known gaps in the state of the overall history of the Preolonional peoples of Africa. Also published and in the GDR of the French historian and the economist Marxist J. Sure Channel on the history of Western and Central Africa and the English publicist B. Davidson are also published.

Despite the indisputable successes of African in the last 20 years, there is still no thoroughly summarizing work on the history of the peoples of Africa, especially in certain periods to the colonial section of the continent of the imperialists. Perennial research prompted me to make the possession of a wide range of readers the most important moments of the historical development of peoples south of the Sahara.

Special difficulty to this day represents the problem of periodization of the general history of the peoples of Africa, including our era. There is no unnecessary on this issue among Marxist scientists. The right approach to it requires that Africans are not considered as a passive object of foreign influences, and in addition to the internal laws of their social development, correlated, of course, with the most important periods of world history and qualitative changes in individual socio-economic public formations. At the same time, it is necessary to keep in mind the dialectical unity of the stages of the development of world history and the regional features of African countries. It is based on these general criteria in the book a periods of historical development of the peoples of tropical Africa were allocated from ancient times to the imperialist section of Africa in the last third of the XIX century. For example, the XVI century, when Western European capitalism produced economic and political preparations for conquering campaigns and thus laid the beginning of a new era, not only an important milestone in world history, but also came the turning point in the life of some peoples of tropical Africa.

Analysis of the public and historical development of the population So many regions and the identification of general patterns and trends are associated with well-known difficulties. They are also aggravated by the fact that countries south of the Sahara reached the most different degrees of progress. In addition, the social development of many African peoples undoubtedly inherent in specific features, and nevertheless it is safe to argue that this development did not take place outside the regular world-historical process of changing socio-economic formations. The irrefutable historical facts argue that the peoples of Africa, and those who lagged and the smashed ahead, sought and seek to go along the path of progress. The path is long and difficult, but, as the entire experience of history shows, ultimately will lead to socialism also peoples of tropical Africa.

In conclusion, some preliminary comments should be made regarding the sources and auxiliary materials that are available at the Africanist.

It will not be an exaggeration to say that in this area only in the last ten years is raised virgin and somewhat spread the curtain, which closed the "black" continent. Colonialists considered archaeological finds only an application to the very profitable mining of iron ores and minerals. The ruins of the legendary state of the monomotape and the most valuable monuments of the art of Benin were found or by chance, or in effect without any coordination by expeditions. After African states achieved independence, the appropriations on scientific research have become more systematic and purposeful. The results of these studies are extremely important. So, thanks to the extremely interesting excavations of Kilva (Tanzania), the city-states of East Africa appeared in a completely different light. The ruins of the capital of the ancient Ghana Kumbi-Sale (in the south of Mauritania) were silent witnesses that had long disappeared African civilization. In anhydrous, the mains of central sugar are now found tens of thousands of beautiful rock paintings and frescoes; These highly artistic works of realistic art report valuable information about the developed culture of Africa. Finds of recent times allow you to clarify the ideas about the ancient and ancient history of African peoples. Since now scientific institutions of young national states themselves organize archaeological expeditions to excavate the centers of ancient civilizations, we have the right to expect that their work will enrich the story with new data.

Many tribes and nationality of tropical Africa still do not have written writing to this day. Nevertheless, we are known in general terms of their stages of their history. Under the courts of rulers and leaders, there was an institution of observant resembling medieval minnesing agents. We were reached by passing from the mouth of the lists of the names of rulers, chronicles, heroic legends, epic poems that challenged the feats and acts of rulers. Recently, most of them were carefully collected and recorded by African scientists and their assistants. Now they have begun to study the content of these sources, and then the limits of their use immediately revealed. The fiction and truth is closely intertwined in them. The history of one or another tribe or the people is reduced to the activities of individual rulers. Leaves to desire the best and chronology. Nevertheless, the Africanist can work on these oral legends to turn them into reliable sources of African historiography through scientific analysis.

In general, it should be noted the well-known purse of writing, sources for individual periods and regions. The history of some peoples can sometimes be quite accurate to recreate on the basis of both the reports of Arab travelers and left by these peoples of written evidence, but in the study of the past of other nations, it is necessary to be content with few information, sometimes even censy. In addition, they usually unreasonably relate to a lot of political events, while economic and social relations are reflected in them very badly.

The first written testimony of tropical Africa is contained in the relations of Egyptian military leaders. Next, the following information obtained by Carthaginians, Greeks and Romans on time of travel, military campaigns and trade expeditions. However, these data that came from the period of antiquity are very modest and are random.

Only the Arab historians of the period corresponding to the European Middle Ages were finally given due attention to the south of the Sahara, which then became widely known thanks to numerous expeditions and travels, and tak. lively trade relations. The stories of Arab travelers, chronicists, geographers and historians, and above all describing Al-Masidi travel, Al-Bakri, Al-Idrisi, Ibn Trampoline, African Lion, contain valuable information. They were supplemented since the XVI century. The first entries in place in the states of the Western and Central Zudan zones (meaning the entire band of the Sahel, which stretches from the west to the east south of the Sahara and does not coincide with the territory of modern Sudan). Serious gaps in our knowledge were later eliminated by Muslim scientists of large shopping centers Songai - Tombuktu, Gao and Jenne, who still wrote the chronicles in Arabic. Information about the history of the peoples of Western Africa is also contained in the records that were made in Howus state cities in Northern Nigeria, and in written documents of the initial period of states Fulbe and Tukulers in the XVIII and early XIX century, found and published only lately. Of these, only a minor part is written in Arabic.

A few local chronicles report about the lives of East African states-states. They first wrote in Arabic, later at Swahili and enjoyed their own writing system, ascending to Arab writing.

We also draw the most ancient written data from the monuments of the kingdoms of Mero and Aksum (see ch. II). In the Middle Ages, their traditions found a successful continuation in the chronicle and church historiography of Ethiopia.

At the turn of the XV and XVI centuries, when Portuguese navigators opened the way around Africa and founded numerous colonization reference points, the first detailed reports of European stories about their travels and historical writings appeared. From this initial period of colonial enterprises, colorful descriptions reached, brightly drawing life in Benin and other seaside areas of West Africa, in the ancient state of the Congo, and most of all in Eastern and Central Africa. According to Barrush, Barbos, Barreto, Kastanimoz, Alcasova and Dapper, they, to their great surprise, saw here highly developed states with major shopping centers, where life beat the key. At first, the Portuguese is still quite objectively and delivitically recorded their impressions. But when the dreams of conquerors about fabulous wealth came across the opposition of the population of Africa, their stories - and the farther, the more - they began to join slanderous fiction.

In the XIX century The African continent became the cherished goal of researchers, travelers and missionaries. From under the pen of members of various expeditions, merchants and messengers of the church, which directly or indirectly prepared capitalist conquests, there are many notes about geology, geography, economics and climate of African countries (CP. Ch. V, 7). They left us and detailed historical and ethnographic essays of the social development of some nations of Africa. Although the authors of these works, for example, famous Henry Bart in the middle of the XIX century, could not hide that they act on behalf or on the initiative of the colonizers, they often sought to be truly scientific research and recognized the historical and cultural achievements of non-European peoples. However, their works very soon were forgotten in Europe, in the last third of the XIX century. The label of the "black" continent was hung into the south of the Sahara and denied the ability to historical progress. In accordance with this point of view, many certificates of culture and oral traditions of African peoples denied or attributed to the influence of foreign culturererers. In the end, the racist theories of colonialism apologists treated and began to slow down any scientific research, including the study of the history and social development of the peoples of Africa.

This is even more obliges all scholars-Marxists in conjunction with progressive African historians to recreate and correctly appreciate on the basis of fundamental studies the history of the peoples of Africa, falsified by apologists of imperialism and colonialism.

From the book History of Spain of the IX-XIII centuries [subtracted] Author

From the book History of Spain of the IX-XIII centuries [subtracted] Author Korsunov Alexander Rafailovich

author Smirnov Alexander Sergeevich

Introduction The underdevelopment of the methodology of modern historical science in Ukraine as a basis for falsifications. "Ukrainian history" as an ideology of internal use. Hiding historical sources and focusing. Obstacles to the scientific dialogue of historians and

Author Mary Alexander

From the book History of religion in 2 volumes [in search of the way, truth and life + path of Christianity] Author Mary Alexander

From the book a new chronology of Fomenko-Nosovsky in 15 minutes Author Hammer Stepan.

1.1. Introduction In this part, the concept of the new chronology of Fomenko-Nosovsky for those who have never heard about it, or heard something very casual, and perhaps heard a lot, but did not catch the essence. On multiple pages in this part we will present the most important thing. For many of

Author Macarium Metropolitan

From the book History of the Russian Church. Volume 1. History of Christianity in Russia to Equal-Apostles Prince Vladimir Author Macarium Metropolitan

From the book Aerrran de Marigny. Philip IV Advisor to Beautiful Author Favye Jean

Introduction in the history of France XIV century. is a transition period. The monarchical institutions began to have a completely unrecognizable one for replacing, although in a completely unrecognizable case, monarchical institutions began to come little. Thus, considering the mechanism of government

From the book North Palmyra. The first days of St. Petersburg Author Marsden Christopher

From the book of the USA Author Burov Irina Igorevna

Introduction The United States of America (USA) occupy almost half of the North American mainland, but the exceptional role of this great country, first allocated among all other territories of the new light, and then gradually turning into one of the world's leading world

From the book in search of the lost world (Atlantis) Author Andreeva Ekaterina Vladimirovna

INTRODUCTION In this book, you will read the ledge of the ancient Greek scientist Plato about Atlantis - the mighty kingdom of Atlantov who flourished on a large island among the Atlantic Ocean and immersed at the bottom of nine and a half thousand years BC. In the history of mankind

OK, 4 million years ago- 1 million years ago

Australopithecus appears in Africa (Australopithecus) -shelovo-like primates, - remains in Ethiopia, Olduvay (Sev. Tanzania in the east of Africa), near Oz. Chad, in Raughth, Kenya

2 million years ago - 800 thousand years ago

Olduva era of the ancient stone century (Paleolithic).

OK. 1.7 million years ago

The appearance of the "man skillful" - the remains in Olduvay (Sev. Tanzania)

1.2 million years ago

Appearance of Peteitront - remains in Olduvay (Tanzania), Terninofina, Sidi Abdurrahman (North Africa)

OK. 800-60 thousand years ago

Ashhelsk Epoch of the Ancient Stone Age - Improving the Technique of Treatment of Stone Instruments

OK. 100-40 thousand years ago

Paleolithic Culture Sango in Central Africa

OK. 60-30 thousand years ago

Medium Paleolithic - atheric culture in North Africa. Neanderthal person in Africa

39 thousand years ago - 14th thousand BC.

Ancient in Africa Upper Paleolithic culture Dubba (Kerenaic)

OK. 35 thousand years ago

Formation of a modern type man

OK. 13th thousand-10th thousand BC.

Orange (Ibero-Maurskaya) Culture of the end of the Upper Paleolithic in North Africa

10th thousand-2nd thousand BC.

Capsius Culture in North Africa (Mesolithic - Middle Stone Age)

6th thousand BC

The appearance of ceramics and domesticated animals. Start neolithic in North Africa

5 thousand BC.

Cattle breeding and agriculture in Egypt, Sahara, Sudan

The first half of the 4th thousand to AD

The beginning of the decomposition of generic relations in Egypt. The first dynastic period. Irrigation Agriculture in the Nile Valley

XXXI-XXIX centuries. BC.

Early kingdom (1-11 dynasty)

OK. 3000 BC.

Pharaoh Menes unites the upper and lower Egypt, bases the capital in Memphis and I dynasty

XXVIII century BC.

III dynasty. Construction of the first pyramid of Pharaoh Joser in Giza

XXVII centuries. BC.

IV dynasty. Construction of the biggest pyramids of Pharaohs Huf (Heops), Hafra (Hefrena) and Mencar (Micherina)

The middle of the XXIII-middle of the XXI century. BC.

Transitional period (VII-X dynasty).

Egypt's disintegration on individual nomes and the struggle of Herakleopol and Five for hegemony

Mid XXI century. XVIII century BC.

Average kingdom (XI-XIII dynasty)

XXI century BC.

Association of Egypt by the founder of the XI Dynasty of the Pharaoh Mentukhotep

XX-XVIII centuries. BC.

The Board of the XII dynasty, based by the pharaoh amenhethom. Egypt's flourishing under Senuxerte III and Amenhet III

End of the XVIII V.-XVII century. BC.

I transitional period. Folk uprisings and conquest of Egypt Gixos. XV-XVI (Gixos dynasties)

1680-1580 BC.

XVII dynasty in Egypt.

OK. 1580 BC.

Exile of gixos by Pharaoh Thamos I, the founder of the XVIII dynasty

1580-1070 BC.

New Kingdom (XVIII-XX Dynasty)

1580 G.-Mid XIV V. BC

XVIII dynasty in Egypt 1450s. BC.

Conductive campaigns of the pharaoh of Tutamos III in Nubia, Syria and Palestine

1372-1354 BC.

The Board of Pharaoh Ehnaton (Amenhotep IV)

354-1345 BC.

The Board of Pharaoh TutankaTon (Tutankhamon)

Mid XIV V--End of XIII century. BC.

Board of the XIX dynasty

301-1235 BC.

The Board of Pharaoh Ramses II. The flourishing of the Egyptian state and culture. Hiking to East

Mediterranean. Creation of the Egyptian Empire

235-1215. BC.

The Board of the Pharaoh Merneptha. Exodus of Jews from Egypt

XIII V.-NCH. XII V. BC

Invasion to Egypt Libyans of "Peoples of the Sea" (Egeida)

III-XIII centuries. BC.

Formation of state formations in Libya

198-1166 BC.

Pharaoh Board Ramses III (XX Dynasty)

XII V. BC

Egypt's liberation from Egypt's power

II century BC.

Foundation by Phoenicians of shopping colonies in North Africa

XI V. BC. - Middles. BC.

Transitional period (XXI dynasty). Disintegration of Egypt to the lower and top. Capture of the Delta of the Nile Libyans

2nd thousand BC.

The state of Kush in Nubia with the capital in the attack (Sovan. Sudan)

1050-950. BC.

Later Kingdom (Libyan-Sasian and Persian period)

OK. 950-730 BC.

XXII-XXIII (Libyan) dynasty

OK. 950-930 BC.

The Board of Pharaoh Sheshonka I (Susakima). Camping Sheshonka in Judea, Taking and Rub Jerusalem

Middle IX century BC.

Egypt's disintegration

825 or 814 BC

Foundation of Carthage by Phoenicians, from Tira

715 BC

Conquering Egypt Ethiopami

715-664 BC.

Association of Egypt and Kush in one state

674 and 671 BC.

Hiking of the Assyrian Tsar Asarhaddon to Egypt, conquering Assyrians of Egypt

667-665 BC.

Egypt's liberation

663-525 BC.

XXVI (Sasse) dynasty based by Pharamomethichi Pharaoh I. Renaissance of Egypt

610-595 BC.

The Board of Pharaoh Neho II. Construction of a channel of the combined Mediterranean and Red Sea

OK. 600 BC.

Expedition of Finicheskiy Savior around Africa

525 BC.

Conquering Egypt Persians. XXVII (Persian) Dynasty founded by the Persian King Cambize

525-404. BC.

Persian dominion

Egypt's liberation from the power of Persians

404-341 BC.

XXVI11-XXX Dynasty in Egypt, based by local leaders

OK. 400 BC.

The beginning of migration from the west to the east and south tribes Bow, who had the skills of metallurgy

343 BC

Secondary conquest of Egypt's Persians, the foundation of XXXI (Persian) dynasty

332 BC

Conquest of Egypt Alexander Macedonian. Accuracy of Alexandria

305-283 BC.

Board in Egypt Ptolemya I. Education of Ptolemieev Power! *

Con. IV. ILL. BC.

Transferring the capital of Ethiopia from attacks to Mero. State of Mero

III century BC.

The emergence of state entities in Numidia and Mauretia

274-217 BC.

Wars between Egypt and Persian Power of Seleucidov for power over Palestine

264-241 BC.

Iapunic war of Rome with Carthage

256-250. BC.

Invasion of the Romans in North Africa, and the defeat of them by Carthaginians

218-201. BC.

Rome's IIpunical War with Carthage

202 BC.

Roman commander Scypio African defeats the Carthaginian commander of Hannibal in the battle at a substitution, end of the II of Punic War

149-146 BC.

IIIIPUNICAL WAR

146 BC

Taking and destruction by the Romans of Carthage. Education of the Roman Province of Africa

111-105 BC.

Yugurtian war of Rome with Numidia, which ended with the defeat of the numidians and the dismemberment of Numidia

OK. 100 g. BC.

The formation of the Aksum kingdom (on the territory of modern Eritrea and Ethiopia)

48 BC

The flight of the Roman commander and a politician Pompei to Egypt after the defeat of His Julia Caesar. Murder Pompey by order of Ptolemy XIII. Caesar in Egypt. Exile Cleopatra VII in Syria

32 G. BC

Gay Julia Caesar Octavian with Mark Anthony. Rome War against Egypt, where Anthony and Cleopatra VII were in power

31 BC

Defeat of the fleet of Anthony in the Cape of Shares, flight Anthony and Cleopatra in Alexandria

30 BC

Suicide Anthony and Cleopatra. Egypt becomes the Roman province

OK. 25 BC

Kushita from Mero invaded Egypt, the capture and plunder of the Romans attacks

Capture by the Roman emperor Caliguly Mauretania (Sovr. Algeria and Eastern region Morocco)

The decline of the kingdom of meroea

Unrest in North Africa and Egypt against Roman rule

Missionaries from Egypt addressed the Christianity of the king of Aksum Ezan

Ezan conquers the kingdom of Mero

St. Augustine Averali (354-430) - Theologian, Father Church, Bishop in Hippone (North Africa)

"Peoples of the Sea" from Indonesia begin relocation to Madagascar

Invasion of Vandals to North Africa, capture of them of Carthage and the formation of the Vanda Kingdom

533-534 Hg. Vizantine Army under the command of the commander of the Gasizaria disposable north of Africa at Vandalov

VII / VIII-XVI centuries.

The state of Aloa (in the southern part of the Sovan. Sudan)

Conquesting by the Sassanid king of Hoshrov II Egypt

Byzantine Emperor Irakli I restores the power of Byzantium over Egypt

Arab conquest Egypt

Invasion of Arabs in Tunisia

Arab troops destroy the Byzantine city of Carthage. Capture Arabs North Africa

Berber Rezinds against Omeyadov (Arab Caliphs) and the creation of an independent state in the north of Sahara

State of Aglabid in Tunisia and Algeria

On the West Bank of Lake Chad, the kingdom kale is formed

Tulunide dynasty in Egypt

Ikshidide Dynasty in Egypt

Fatimide Ichalifat in Magrib (Tunisia, Algeria)

Conquering Egypt Fatimidami

Almoravid Board in Maghreb

Board of the Berberian Dynasty of Almohades in northwest Africa

The overthrow of Almoravid Almhadami

Aiyubid Dynasty in Egypt, founded by the famous Turkic Sultan Salah-hell-din

The legendary state of the Kitara in Central Africa

Taking the Crusaders of the Fortress of Damietta in the Nile Delta during the 5th Crusade

7-y. crusade led by King Louis IX, defeat crusaders from Egyptians, king's capture

In Egypt, the power of Mamli (slaves Guardsmen), the beginning of the Mamluk Sultanov dynasty (until 1517)

8th crusade. The death of Louis IX from fever in Tunisia. Termination of crusades

On the west coast of Africa there is a state of Benin

Epidemic Plague ("Black Death") in Egypt

Crusaders led by King of Cyprus capture and rob to Alexandria, Egypt

The Kingdom of Songai is separated from Mali Empire

Portuguese expeditions to Africa to search for "Olfir"

The first batch of African slaves was delivered to Lisbon

Portuguese navigaters reach the islands of green cape in the west of Africa

Wattasid Dynasty in Morocco

Songai Empire conquers Timbukta

Tolessian Spanish-Portuguese Agreement approves exceptional rights in Africa for Portugal

The ruler of Congo takes Christianity

Expedition Vasode Gama Around Africa to India

Conquesting the Muslims of the Christian State Society in Nubia

Ottoman Turks under the leadership of Sultan Selima conquer Egypt, the end of the Mamluk dynasty

The beginning of African slave trade in America

Ottoman Turks conquer Algeria

Saadide Dynasty in Morocco

Portuguese expedition to the River Zambezi

Portuguese attempts to conquer the Kingdom of MVemmouth

Morocco expands its territory to the south and the west of the Sahara and conquers the city of Tuat

Victory of Portuguese over the Turks at the city of Mambasi in the east of Africa

Moroccans invaded Songai, cause crushing defeat by the military forces of the empire in the battle of Tondibi and destroy the city of Gao. End of the Song Empire

The Dutch capture two islands for slave trade at the west coast of Africa, belonging to Portuguese

France Annexes Madagascar

Huguenotes, refugees from France, arrive south africa

Completion of the conquest of Senegal by the French

Dutch move to the east through the Gottentot Dutch Mountains

France selects Mauritius Island at the Dutch

The Dutch is beginning to import slaves to a cap of the colony in southern Africa

Mazries, Governor Mombasa, announces its independence from Sultan Oman

In the West Africa, the Warriors of Ashanti are defeated by the soldiers of the people of Dagomb.

Mohammed XVI becomes the ruler Morocco

The British dismand from the French Senegal

In South Africa, Dutch farmers are moving to the north and crossed the orange river

Proclamation of the Mamluk ruler Ali Beam independence of Egypt from the Ottoman Empire

Restoration of Turkish rule over Egypt

The first "inspection" war in South Africa between local braid tribes and Dutch farmers (boots)

Creating a British Society for the prohibition of African slave trade

The second "inspection" war between the boots and the people of Spit for the Earth in South Africa

Egyptian goal of Napoleon Bonaparte

Turkish Governor Mohammed Ali captures power in Egypt

Prohibition of slave trade throughout the British Empire

Rings rebellion in South Africa, depressed by British troops

Ban robbery in France

The beginning of the Mfecan wars in southern Africa related to the expansion of the people of Zulu

Joinimes-leona, gold bag (Sovr. Ghana) and Gambia to British West Africa

British war against the people of Ashanti in West Africa

Exile French from Madagascar

The British leave Mombasa

French invasion of Algeria, occupation of the cities of Algeria and Oran

Mfkan wars apply to North Zimbabwe

Great resettlement of bers in South Africa north, caused by the persecution by the British

Mfkan wars apply to North Zambia and Malawi

Turks will be overthrown in Tripoli local dynasty and establish a direct rule

Bras in Natal are defeated by the people of Zulu

Anticolonial uprising Zulusov

Liberia becomes an independent republic

In Gabon, the French found the city of Libreville as a shelter for fizzing slaves

Buras create an independent republic Transvaal

Recognition of the Britain of the Orange State created by the boots

D. Livingston performs the first European expedition, crossed Africa from the east to the west. Opening of Victoria Waterfall

Transvaal becomes the South African Republic with the capital of Pretoria

The French are found in Senegal Dakar

Conflict due to Ceut Anklava and Melila leads to the invasion of Portuguese troops in Morocco

Start building a Suez Canal

Board in Egypt Ismail Pasha, Egypt Autonomy Expansion, Reform

Opening of the Suez Canal

Expedition to Central Africa of the American journalist Henry Wenley, his meeting with Livingston, considered missing

Zulu War against British in South Africa

Rebellion of drills in Transvaal against British, Republic Proclaim

Travel of Russian geographer V.V. Juncker, description of the pool r. Welea and detection of part

nile Congo Waters

Conquering Tunisia by the French

Liberation movement in Egypt under the leadership of Araba Pasha. Occupation of Egypt England

Mohammed Ahmed Announces Mahdi (Messiah) and raises an uprising in Sudan.

The colonial war of France in Madagascar

The beginning of German colonial seizures in Africa

Exile of the Anglo-Egyptian troops from Sudan. The formation of the Mahadist Government

"Accidenty" Italian-Ethiopian treaty. Annexia Italy Part Somalia

The French are defeated by the people of Zulu in the west of Africa

France captures Timbukta and displaces Taaregov

French Occupation Madagascar

Italian-Ethiopian war. Peace Treaty in Addis Ababa, guaranteeing the independence of Ethiopia

Anglo-French Convention on the section of colonial possessions in Africa

Anglo-Board War

France captures the main oasis in Sugar south of Morocco and Algeria

France and Italy concludes a secret agreement in which France receives control

over Morocco, and Italy - above Libya

French troops are defeated in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Chad African leader Rabeh

End of the Anglo-Board War. Loss of independence borals

Suppression of the uprising of the people of Hero in the German South-West Africa, the extreme cruelty of the massacre

Congo Annexed by Belgium

The French completed the conquest of Mauritania

Britain gives the South African Union Dominion status

Occupation by French troops of the capital Morocco Feet. Germanic pressure of Germany forces France to give way part of the Congo, for which the French receive freedom of action in Morocco

Britain bombards Dar-Es Salam, Administrative Center for German East Africa. The defeat of the British troops at Tanga (in Tanganic)

Britain announces his protectorate over Egypt

South African and Portuguese troops capture Dar Es Salaam

German troops invade Portuguese eastern Africa

Grman's troops invade Rhodesia

Britain receives from Germany Tanganic and divides Cameroon and Togo with France

According to the International Agreement in Africa, the sale of alcohol and weapons is limited.

The French create a colony in the upper volt (Sovr. Burkina Faso)

Egypt becomes a self-governing monarchy

In Ethiopia, slavery canceled

The International Convention places responsibility for the elimination of slavery for the League of Nations

The adoption of the English Parliament of the Westminster Statute, which provided dominion sovereign rights in the field of external and domestic politics. Transformation of the British Empire to the British Commonwealth of Nations

B. Mussolini proclaims the transformation of Libya to the Italian colony

Constitution in Egypt

Italian Annexia Ethiopia

Anglo-Egyptian Union Treaty, Preservation of English Occupation Forces in Egypt

New electoral law in the South African Union, depriving the indigenous population of electoral rights

Announcement by the South African Union of War of Germany

The British are defeated by the Italian troops and capture in Libya Torbruk and Benghazi. German troops enter North Africa and besieged the British in Torbruka

British and American troops are planted in Morocco and Algeria. English offensive in Egypt

German troops capture Torbruk. British parts, won in the battle of El Alamein, stop the German attack on Cairo

American troops are connected to British in Tunisia. The capitulation of the Germans in North Africa

Setting the apartheid regime in South Africa Union

British troops occupy the Suez Canal zone

Libyan independence

The beginning of the revolution in Egypt

Formation of the National Government in the British Colony of Golden Coast

The secret society "Mau-Mau" organizes terrorist acts against British settlers in Kenya

Eritrea becomes part of Ethiopia

Proclamation of the Egyptian Republic (under the President of 1956, Gamal Abdel Nasser)

Nigeria becomes self-governing federation

Proclamation of independence of the Republic of Sudan.

Nationalization of the Suez Canal. Reflection by Egypt Aggression of England, France and Israel caused by this act

Independence of Sudan and Morocco

Education of the Universal Union of Workers Black Africa

Proclamation of Independence of Ghana (Association of the former Colonizole Coast and Togolend)

Independence of the Republic of Guinea

The independence of Algeria, the creation of the FNF - the United Government

Niger, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Dagomey, Senegal, Mauritania, Congo and Gabon

receive limited independence from France

"Year of Africa" \u200b\u200b- exemption from the colonial dependence of Eastern Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Republic of Dagomey, the Republic of Ghana, the Republic of Niger, the Republic of Upper Volta,

Republic of Chad, Rev. Ivory, Republic of Togo, the Gabon Republic,

Nigeria, Republic of Mali, Central African Republic, Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Somalia and the Republic of Madagascar.

Reint and Belgian occupation in the Congo, removal from the post of Prime Minister P. Lumumba

(in 1961 killed) and the transfer of power to Dictator General J. Mobutu

The uprising of French migrants against the plans of independence of Algeria

South African troops shoot demonstrators in Charpeville

Military coup in Congo (Zaire). Renaming the South African Union in the Republic of South Africa and its exit from the British Commonwealth

Association of Eastern and South Cameroon, Education of the Federal Republic Cameroon 1961-1968.

Proclamation of Independence Tangani, Uganda, Kenya and Zanzibar, Zambia, Botswana, Madagascar L Mauritia

The end of the Algerian war. Algeria is achieved independence

Proclamation of Nigeria by the Federal Republic

In South Africa, the leader of the African National Congress (ANC) N. Maddela sentenced to life imprisonment

Setting the apartheid regime in South Rhodesia

Coup in Algeria, coming to power in Algeria H. Bumedien

Independence of the Republic of Gambia

Establishing a military dictatorship in Ghana. Military coup in Burkina Faso

Military coups and rebellion of separatists in Nigeria

The Bechuanland becomes an independent state - Botswana

Basutolend becomes an independent state Lesotho

Abolition of monarchy in Uganda

The Biafra State declares itself independent of Nigeria. The civil war begins

Military coup in Mali

Swaziland becomes an independent kingdom

Equatorial Guinea receives independence from Spain

Military coup in Somalia. The head of the S. Barre regime takes the course to build a great Somalia at the expense of the territories of neighboring states

Military coup in Sudan

The overthrow of the monarchy in Libya. Transfer of power in the country to the leader of the Council of the Revolutionary Command M. Gaddafi

Constitution in Morocco, recovery of parliament

Rhodesia becomes a republic

Military coup in Uganda. To power, come Sergeant Idi Amin - "Black Hitler Africa"

Egypt, Libya and Syria form the Federation of Arab Republics

Military coup in Ghana and Madagascar

Military coup in Burkina Faso and Niger

Revolution in Ethiopia, the lowland of the emperor and the proclamation of the republic. Start of civil war

Third stage of decolonization of Africa. Proclamation of independence Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Green Cape Islands, Comoros, San Tome and Principe, Seychelles and Western Sahara, Zimbabwe

The beginning of the civil war in Angola, who adopted the nature of the international conflict

Military coup in Nigeria

Transformation of the Central African Republic to the Central African Empire. President J. Bokassa Cropped by the Imperial Crown

Head of Ethiopia M. Hail Mariam takes the course to build a Marxist-Socialist model of the economy in the country

Proclamation of Libya Jamahiria

War between Ethiopia and Somalia for Ogada. Somalia defeat

Military coup in Mauritania and the Seychelles

Military coup in Guinea and in the Seychelles

In Nigeria, the military transfer power to the Civilian government

London agreements on the creation of a Multiracial State of Zimbabwe (formerly. Rhodesia)

Military coup in Burkina Faso and Liberia

Libya occupies the Republic of Chad

Zoent coup in the Central African Empire. Restoration of the republic

Murder in Egypt President A. Sadata; President becomes Hosni Mubarak

Military coup in Nigeria

Restoration of the Presidential Republic in Guinea

Establishing a military dictatorship in Guinea

President of South Africa P. Bota gives limited political rights to "persons of Asian origin and color"

Military coups in Nigeria, Uganda and Sudan

US and EU countries are injected against South Africa. Economic sanctions

Military coup in Burkina Faso

The troops of the Republic of Chad with the help of French Foreign Legion are expelled from the northern areas of Libyans

The withdrawal of the South African and Cuban troops from Angola

Ethnic conflict in Rwanda, which involved Uganda, Burundi, Zaire

Liberation N. Mandela from prison in South Africa

Crash modes M. Hail Mariam in Ethiopia and S. Barre in Somalia

The victory of Islamic fundamentalists in the elections in Algeria. The government eliminates the election results and takes the course to accelerate market reforms.

Adoption of international sanctions against Libya in connection with the participation of its citizens in terrorist acts

Military coup in Sierra Leone. Start of Civil War in Somalia

Islamic extremist killed President Algeria M. Budiaf

Proclamation of independence of the province of Eritrea! from Ethiopia

The Presidents of Burundi and Rwanda are killed in the air catastrophe. In Rwanda, cross-bodied conflicts flashes and civil war begins

In Khartoum (Sudan), the terrorist "Carlos" was arrested and transmitted to France, where the court should be

In South Africa, the African National Congress wins the election. N. Maddela becomes president.

Cameroon and Mozambique join the British Commonwealth

In Zaire, the forces of the rebels under the leadership of L. Kabila are forced by President J. Mobutu to leave the country and go to the link

Diplomat from Ghana Kofi Annan becomes UN Secretary-General

Military conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia

M. Kaddafi issues Libyan terrorists to the international community. Mitigation of international sanctions against Libya

The history of Africa is the history of mysteries.

Modern African states appeared on the Mary political map mostly after 1959, many of them were the colonies of England and France, Portugal. The colonial period imposed a strong imprint on African historical science. The colonialists considered themselves to be carriers of civilization in "wild" African countries. Many ancient historical monuments were destroyed. Therefore, the modern African historical science of homelights from an empty place (with the exception of Egypt and Ethiopia). It was actually the fact that before the appearance of the British, Portuguese and French, there were only wild tribes in Africa. (By the way, Western scientists are constantly trying to inspire the Russians that the history of Ancient Russia began with the advent of Varyagov (Normanov, the Anglo-Saxons with Scandinavia, and before the emergence of their Rusichi had no civilization and the state).

So it was, I will briefly tell in this article. I will start with some unexplained facts.

Iron metallurgy appeared in Africa much earlier than in Europe. In Africa, iron was paid in 1st thousand-15. The ancient countries of the East brought iron from Africa and this iron was significantly better than in the countries of the Ancient East (Egypt, Palestine, Babylonia and India). Even the Roman Empire brought iron and gold from West Africa (these countries were called the countries of the Golden Coast). And the ancient Egyptians called the countries of Africa, the country of the officer, from where many rare goods were brought.

In Africa, there were many ancient states that were very poorly studied because of the activities of colonizers.

And now I will tell my point of view on the ancient history of Africa (which will not be fundamentally coincided with official historical science).

17 million years old DNE continent Africa has not yet been, there were small islands on the spot of Africa (especially in its eastern part). The largest mainland was Lemuria and its first people (they can be called lemurries or asuras) and they had a very developed civilization.

4 million flying DNE - at that time, Mainland Lemuria began to go to the bottom of the Indian Ocean, and the mainland of Africa (his eastern part) began to rise over the waters of the World Ocean. Part of the Asurov from Lemuria began to move from Lemuria to East Africa. They later became pigments, Bushmen, Gottenitians, Hadza, Sanda.

1 million left DNE - One Island - Magadascar remained from the mainland of Lemuria. African mainland even more rose over the ocean level.

Approximately 800 thousand years old DNE Mainland Lemuria completely disappeared at the bottom of the Indian Ocean, and in the Atlantic there was a large mainland atlantis and the civilization of the Atlanta. Who was the first to use natural fossils Africa (iron, non-ferrous metals, gold and silver) unknown. It could be the descendants of Asurov, but could also be atlanta. Their civilization also needed a lot of iron, non-ferrous metals and gold. After all, it was the civilization of the Atlanta that began to carry all of humanity to the wrong way of development (the way of enrichment, the capture path). It is the Atlanta that invented a new status for subordinate people - slavery. It was at this time that man worship began to be a new fetish (God) - money, luxury, gold.

Approximately 79 thousand years old DNE. The mainland of Atlantis suffered the fate of the ancient Lemuria - the mainland went under the water of the Atlantic, only the island of Poseidonis remained from him, where the late Atlanta lived. Part of the Atlanta also began to move to the territory of Africa. The mainland of Africa basically acquired a modern look, but the territory of the Sahara was still under water.

At about 9500, DNE island Poseidonis completely left the water of the Atlantic. Part of the descendants of the Atlanta settled in the north of Africa (the tribes of the Orange and Sebilk archaeological culture). On the rest of the territory, the tribes of Pygmeys and Koisans (these are descendants of degraded asuras). It is likely that at these times the civilization of African metallurgists in South Africa (the territory of Zambia and Zimbabwe) continued to exist, because iron and gold was required by the new civilizations of the Ancient East (Egypt and Palestine, the Jerichon state).

Around 9000, Dne Africa was the same as now, only sugar was not desert, wet subtropics and there were descendants of Atlantov (the tribes of the Orange and Sebilic culture). The south of the Sahara (at the junction of the northern tribes and southern tribes of Pygmeys and Kaisantsev) is beginning to make shape.

Approximately 5700, the DNE in the north of Africa wars a new group of peoples - the Sugar peoples (this is the tribes of the Capsian archaeological culture). Perhaps at this time, metallurgy of iron and other metals continued to exist in South Africa. After all, new states of the Middle East continued to develop. It is still possible that on the basis of African Metallurgy Asura (not those that degraded, and those that continued to develop in the direction of the conquest of space - they lived in Tibet, MU MU) and Atlanta (who also sought space) The first space ships were built.

By the end of 4-thousand DNE, sugar is becoming an increasingly arid region, the Sugar peoples are increasingly south from the Sahara, the Libyan tribes (future beribers) are occupied by Libyan. Because of the pressure of Sakhav, the Negroid peoples also begin to move to the south and begin to close the Pygmes of the Center of Africa. I think that during this period, the Southern African metallurgy developed for late Asurov and Late Atlantov (for the development of space), as well as for the rapidly growing states of the Ancient East (Egypt, the Middle East, Sumer, Northern India). At this time, small states in Europe (Crete, Greece) begin to appear.

By 1100 DNE in Africa there was a new group of peoples - a bow, they first lived on the territory of modern Cameroon and Nigeria, from this territory they began an active movement to the south of Africa, ousting and destroying Pygmen and Koisans. At the same time, a new people appear on the northern coast of Africa - Garamants (these are the former residents of the ancient Greece, displaced from the Greek-Doriians from there). In my opinion, at this time, iron metallurgy in southern Africa began to develop weaker, as the asuras could have conquered space by this time and did not need the products of African metallurgists, the Atlants could also take less iron and non-ferrous metals, since in the ancient countries The East was mastered by iron metallurgy.

By the beginning of our era, the peoples of the Bantu had already reached the territory of Zambia, where the metallurgy took decay by this time, the civilization of metallurgists almost disappeared, and the bow did not have owned this craft. At the same time, many new iron, non-ferrous metals and gold were opened in East Africa, metallurgy began to develop. Perhaps this development occurred because of the appearance of Garamants there (after all, they were well owned by the skills of metallurgists). It was from now that the Roman merchants (through sugar) began to be in West Africa and buy iron there, non-ferrous metals and gold.

The question of the emergence of the earliest states in Africa (not counting Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and the coast of the Mediterranean Sea) is the most incomprehensible in the study of the history of Africa. It could not be developed mctllurgy without civilization (without a state). But this option is also possible that the South Africa metallurgists existed as part of the Late Asurov and Atlanta civilization. And after the asuras and the Atlanta have become unnecessary services of metallurgists (they have already become cosmic civilizations), the South African metallurgy has ceased to exist, although there was a state of mine in the late 17th century, which disappeared at the end of the 17th century due to the appearance of new tribes there, Not knowledgeable metallurgy (it was the tribes of the development destroyed this state).

Another focus of the emergence of states in Africa is the surroundings of Lake Victoria (the territory of modern Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi). The first state there appeared about the 11th century - it was the state of the Kitara. In my opinion, the state of the Kitar was created by migrants from the territory of modern Sudan - the Nilotian tribes, which the Arab settlers were supplanted from their territory. Later there appeared other states - Buganda, Rwanda, Analysis.

At about the same time (according to scientific history) - in the 11th century, in the south of Africa there was a state of mine, which will disappear at the end of the 17th century (will be destroyed by wild tribes). I believe that the beginning of the beginning existence is much earlier, and the inhabitants of this state are the descendants of the most ancient metallurgists of the world that have connections still with asuras and Atlants.

Around the middle of the 12th century, the first state appeared in the center of Africa - NDonggo (this is the territory in the north of modern Angola). Later in the center of Africa, other countries appeared - Congo, Matamba, Mwat and Babba. In the process of the development of statehood in Africa, from the 15th century, the colonial states of Europe began to interfere - Portugal, Nitchdanda, Belgium, England, France and Germany. If first they were interested in gold, silver and precious stones, then later the main goods were slaves (and these countries were engaged, which officially rejected the existence of slavery). Slaves thousands were exported to America's plantations. Only much later at the end of the 19th century, the colonizers began to involve natural minerals in Africa. And it is for this reason that extensive colonial territories appeared in Africa. Colonies in Africa interrupted the development of the peoples of Africa, distorted its entire history. So far, significant archaeological research in Africa is not held (African countries themselves are poor, and England and France, the true history of Africa is not needed, as in Russia, in Russia, too, good research on the ancient history of Russia is not carried out, the money goes to buy locks and Yachts in Europe, total corruption deprives the science of real research).

The ancient history of Africa (and Russia) is still a lot of riddles.

Saved

"/>

History of Africa BC. Africa: The history of the countries of the continent

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Brief report on the mainland of Africa

Geographical location of the mainland Africa

Relief Africa

Climate Africa

Water resources Africa

Natural zones and wealth of Africa

Brief message about the peoples of Africa

author Smirnov Alexander Sergeevich

We recommend other articles

History of Africa BC. Africa: The history of the countries of the continent

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Brief report on the mainland of Africa

Geographical location of the mainland Africa

Relief Africa

Climate Africa

Water resources Africa

Natural zones and wealth of Africa

Brief message about the peoples of Africa

author Smirnov Alexander Sergeevich

We recommend other articles

What bones consist of. Private anatomy. The doctrine of bones - osteology structure and types of bone tissue. Bone fabric

Writing examples of compassion from life