Verb: general category meaning, morphological features, syntactic properties (general characteristics). Verb boundaries as parts of speech
Categorical meaning
Generalized meaning, superimposed on the specific lexical meaning of a word: for nouns - the meaning of objectivity, for adjectives - the meaning of a feature, property, quality, for verbs - the meaning of a process, action, state, etc.
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M .: Education. D. E. Rosental, M. A. Telenkova. 1976 .
See what "categorical meaning" is in other dictionaries:
the categorical meaning of an adjective- Significance of trait. For example: evening bell - the adjective evening denotes a non-procedural feature of an object - this is its categorical meaning; the specific meaning of an adjective is a sign of an object in relation to time ...
categorical meaning of the verb- The meaning of the process (procedurality), inherent in the verb, regardless of its lexical meaning: actions (run, nag), states (love, sleep), relationships (include, possess) are presented in verbs as a process that takes place in time ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
categorical meaning of a noun- The meaning of objectivity, which is modified in different ways: 1) the names of specific objects of the living and inanimate world: pen, student, mountain; 2) plant names: rose, willow, poplar; 3) names of substances: oil, oxygen; 4) place names ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
the categorical meaning of an adverb- Signs of a sign: it blows quietly. In some cases, an adverb denotes a sign of a subject: pilaf in Uzbek ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Categorical perception- (Greek kategorikos - affirming) a feature or, more precisely, the stage of the formation of visual images, at which specific visual images are identified with a certain class of objects that have a certain meaning. For example, the tendency to hear ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
verb parsing scheme- 1) highlight the word form in the text; 2) part of speech; the categorical meaning of the verb; 3) the initial form of the verb; a question to the initial form of the verb; a question to the word form in the text; 4) the form of the verb (conjugated / unconjugated); 5) verb stems: stem ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
noun parsing scheme- 1) word form in the text; 2) part of speech; the categorical meaning of the noun; 3) the initial form of the noun; a question to the initial form of a noun; a question to the word form in the text; 4) proper / common name ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
category of the number of nouns- One of the main categories of a noun, which forms its categorical meaning of objectivity. The category of number serves to express the quantitative characteristics of objects of objective reality. She contrasts ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
status category analysis schema- 1) word form in the text; 2) part of speech, categorical meaning; a question to the word form in the text; 3) the initial form of the word of the category of state (the form of the present tense, indicative mood, positive degree); 4) rank according to the meaning of the word ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
pronoun analysis schema- 1) word form in the text; 2) part of speech; the categorical meaning of the pronoun; 3) the initial form of the pronoun; a question about the initial form of the pronoun; a question to the word form in the text; 4) the category of pronouns in relation to other parts of speech ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Books
- The categorical meaning of the verb. Systemic and functional aspects, N. N. Boldyrev. This monograph examines the problem of forming the categorical meaning of a verb at the conceptual, system-linguistic and speech levels. General questions of linguistic ...
CATEGORIAL VALUE
Generalized meaning, superimposed on the specific lexical meaning of a word: for nouns - the meaning of objectivity, for adjectives - the meaning of a feature, property, quality, for verbs - the meaning of a process, action, state, etc.
Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012
See also the interpretation, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is the CATEGORIAL MEANING in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- MEANING in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- MEANING in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
content associated with one or another expression (word, sentence, sign, etc.) of a certain language. Z. of linguistic expressions is studied in linguistics, ... - MEANING in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- MEANING in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
content associated with one or another expression (word, sentence, sign, etc.) of a certain language. The meaning of linguistic expressions are studied in linguistics, ... - MEANING in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -I, cf. 1. Sense, what a given phenomenon, concept, object means, designates. 3. look, gesture. Determine h. the words. Lexical ... - MEANING
LEXICAL MEANING, the semantic content of the word, reflecting and fixing in the mind the idea of an object, property, process, phenomenon and ... - MEANING in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VALUE, importance, significance, the role of an object, phenomenon, action in human activity. The content associated with this or that expression (word, sentence, sign ... - MEANING in the Complete Accentuated Paradigm by Zaliznyak:
value, value, value, value, value, value, value, value, value, value, value, value, ... - MEANING in the Popular Explanatory and Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-I'm with. 1) Meaning, content of smth. The meaning of the gesture. Meaning of the word. She is disturbed by a dream. Not knowing how to understand it, a terrible dream ... - MEANING in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
- MEANING in the Thesaurus of the Russian language:
1. Syn: significance, significance, importance, role Ant: insignificance, unimportance, secondary 2. Syn: ... - MEANING in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
meaning, reason; weight, importance, authority, dignity, strength, value. Real, figurative, direct, own, strict, figurative, literal, broad sense of the word. "This girl ... - MEANING in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
Syn: significance, significance, importance, role Ant: insignificance, unimportance, secondary Syn: ... - MEANING in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
Wed 1) What smb. Means or smth .; meaning. 2) Importance, significance, purpose. 3) Influence, ... - MEANING in the Dictionary of the Russian language Lopatin:
meaning, ... - MEANING in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
meaning, … - MEANING in the Spelling Dictionary:
meaning, ... - MEANING in the Ozhegov Russian Language Dictionary:
meaning, the fact that a given phenomenon, concept, object means, designates the z. of a glance, a gesture. Determine h. the words. Lexical z. words (signified by him ... - MEANING in the Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
1) the importance, significance, role of an object, phenomenon, action in human activity. 2) Content associated with a particular expression (words, sentences, ... - MEANING in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Ushakov:
meanings, cf. (book). 1. Meaning, what a given object (Word, gesture, sign) means. The word "knowledge" has several meanings. The word "sick" ... - MEANING in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
mean value 1) What smb. Means or smth .; meaning. 2) Importance, significance, purpose. 3) Influence, ... - MEANING in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
Wed 1. That which means someone or something; meaning. 2. Importance, significance, purpose. 3. Influence, ... - MEANING in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
I cf. Possessing the property to express, to mean something, to have any meaning. II cf. 1. Importance, significance. 2. Influence, ... - TELEOLOGY
(Greek telos - completion, goal; teleos - achieved the goal and logos - teaching) - the doctrine of expediency as a characteristic of individual ... - FREE WILL in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
a person's ability to self-determination in their actions. In the contest of early Greek culture, the concept of S.V. emphasizes not so much the philosophical-categorical as ... - HARTMAN in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
(Hartmann) Nikolai (1882-1950) - German philosopher. Was born in Riga. Studied at St. Petersburg University. After the events of 1905 in Russia he moved to ... - in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
("Totalité et Infini. Essai sur l" Extériorité ", 1961) is a monograph of Levinas's doctoral dissertation, published in The Hague. The publication of this book ... - METALANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
- 1) in classical philosophy: a concept that fixes the logical toolkit of reflection over the phenomena of the semiotic series, 2) in the philosophy of postmodernism: a term expressing ... - Grammatology in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
- traditionally - the field of linguistics, which establishes and studies the relationship between the letters of the alphabet and the sounds of speech. G. as a branch of linguistics ...
Psychological structure of the word
The main function of the word is the designating role (= the reference function of the word). In psychology, it is customary to designate this function as subject correlation, as a function of representation, replacement of an object. The word, as an element of a person's language, always turns outward, to a specific object and denotes either an object, or an action, or a quality, a property of an object, or a relation of objects. This is expressed in the fact that a word that has an objective correlation can take the form of a noun, verb, adjective, or connection - a preposition, a union (when it denotes a relationship). This is the decisive feature that distinguishes human language from the so-called "language" of animals.
The word is a special form of reflection of reality. The word allows a person to mentally operate with objects even in their absence, to make mental experiments on things. The word makes it possible to transfer experience from individual to individual and provides an opportunity to assimilate the experience of generations.
With the emergence of language as a system of codes denoting objects, actions, qualities, relations, a person receives, as it were, a new dimension of consciousness, subjective images of the objective world available for control are created in him.
By the meaning of a word that goes beyond the limits of subject relatedness, we mean the ability of a word not only to replace or represent objects, not only to awaken close associations, but also to analyze objects, abstract and generalize their signs. The word analyzes a thing, introduces this thing into a system of complex connections and relationships.
This analyzing or abstracting function of the word is most easily seen in newly emerging compound words. So, "samovar" means an object that cooks itself, "telephone" - an object that transmits sound at a distance (tele-).
Each word not only designates a thing, highlights its signs, but also generalizes things, classifies them, in other words, carries a complex intellectual function of generalization. Therefore, the word is a cell of thinking, because it is abstraction and generalization that are the most important functions of thinking.
The word is a means of communication. By abstracting the attribute and generalizing the subject, the word becomes an instrument of thinking and a means of communication.
There is one more - even deeper and more important function of the meaning of a word. In a developed language, which is a system of codes, a word not only highlights a feature and generalizes an object, but it does an automatic and imperceptible work for a person to analyze an object, transmitting to it the experience from generations that has developed in relation to this object in the history of society.
In addition, the word has one more component. In many languages (Russian, German, Turkic), the word has another part - inflection, which can change when the word is used (inkwell, inkwell, inkwell, inkwells, etc.), thereby changing the attitude that the given subject has to the environment situations. Inflection creates new psychological possibilities for the functional designation of an object.
Therefore, language is a system of codes sufficient to independently analyze objects and express any of its signs, properties, relationships.
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Today we will talk about ... what a verb is as a part of speech; what is the meaning of the verb; what categories and forms the verb has; what kinds of verbs exist in Russian.
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The kind of the verb The kind is the relation of the action indicated by the verb to the inner limit. KIND imperfect perfect (what to do?) (What to do?) Write, read, teach to write, read, learn
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Inclination of the verb Inclination of verbs in Russian is an inflectional grammatical feature of conjugated verbs. The mood category denotes the attitude of the process called the verb to reality and expresses this meaning in the verb forms of the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods. The indicative mood - expresses the action of the past, present or future tense, which actually takes place in reality. (I will do homework on Tuesday). Imperative mood - expresses an order, urge or request to perform an action. (Do your homework tomorrow.) The subjunctive mood - expresses an action that is thought by the subject as possible, desired, but dependent on something. (I would do my homework today, but I'm going for a walk).
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Verb forms depending on the mood Inclination Grammatical categories inherent in the verb forms of the mood Examples of the mood of the verbs Indicative mood Time; Number; Genus; Face. Past tense: I was running, she was running, it was running, they were running; Present: I draw, you draw, he draws, we draw, you draw, they draw; Future tense: I will read / read, you will read / read, he will read / read, we will read / read, you will read / read, they will read / read. Imperative Number; Face. 1st person pl. numbers: Let's do it, let's go; 2nd person unit and many others. numbers: You collect, you collect; 3rd person unit and many others. numbers: Let him read, let them write. Subjunctive mood Number; Genus. Singular: He would do, she would take away, it would be done; Plural: They would collect.
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Verb tense category The tense category is characteristic only for the indicative mood forms. Traditionally, in the Russian language, the forms of three times are distinguished - the present, the past and the future. The imperative and subjunctive mood do not have the forms of time. The basis for determining the time of the process is an abstract grammatical reference point, such a point is the moment of speech. The verb in the past tense shows that the action took place or happened before the moment of speech: did the homework, solved the equations; did homework, solved equations. The verb in the present tense shows the action at the moment of speech: doing homework, solving equations. The verb in the future tense shows that the action will be carried out or will be carried out after the moment of speech: I will do my homework, I will solve equations; I'll do my homework, solve the equations. The tense category reveals a close relationship with the verb type category. It is the species that determines the possibility of forming the temporal forms of the verb. Imperfect verbs form the forms of all times: past (love - loved), present (love), future (I will love). Perfect verbs form only the past tense (love - fell in love) and the simple future (love). There are no forms of the present tense.
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The category of the person of the verb The category of the person indicates the producer of the action in relation to the speaker. 1 person - the subject of the action himself speaking (singular), speaking and others (plural); 2nd person - the subject of the action - the interlocutor (singular), interlocutor and others (plural); 3rd person - the subject of the action, someone who does not participate in the dialogue (singular), someone who does not participate in the dialogue, and others (plural). Formal indicators of the category of a person are the personal endings of the verbs.
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Categories of number and gender The gender category denotes the characteristics of the gender of a pronoun or noun with which the verb agrees. In the absence of the subject of the action, the form of the genus indicates the genus of the possible subject of the action: the Sun shone. The grass turned green. The cloud floated. Would come today. The neuter gender can also indicate the impersonality of the verb: Light. It was getting dark. Not all verb forms have gender category. The meanings of the feminine, masculine and neuter gender are found in the past tense forms of the only indicative mood and in the singular forms of the conditional mood. The number indicates the singularity or plurality of the subject performing the action, while the meaning of the action itself does not change: the student came, the students came. This morphological characteristic is inherent in all personal verb forms.
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The relationship of verb categories Type and tense SV verbs have 2 tense forms, there is no present tense form (the action is over). The form of the future tense is simple (raised, lifted, gathered, gathered, headed, headed). NSV verbs have 3 tense forms. The form of the future tense is complex (raised, lifts, will raise, collected, collected, will assemble, headed, headed, will be headed). Time and mood Verbs in the indicative mood change in time (raised, lifts, lifted, lifts, will lift). Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative mood do not have a tense category (would you pick it up (yesterday, today, tomorrow?), Get it together, let it get it together (now, in a year?)). Person and gender are mutually exclusive categories Gender is present only in the verb forms in the ave. the indicative mood and in the subjunctive mood (raised, raised, raised, would have raised, would have lifted, would have raised, BUT lifted, lifted (he, she, it)). The verbs in the present change by faces. and bud. time. indicative mood. In the forms of the imperative mood there are 2 faces, 3 faces and no 1 faces (you cannot order yourself) (I raise, raise, you raise, raise, he lifts, lifts, you raise, you raise, let him raise, let him raise). Transition and reflexivity I raise all reflexive intransitive verbs (what?), But I rise (what?). Transitiveness and voice Transitive verbs form passive constructions, intransitive ones do not. the banner is raised (by someone), the dust rises (by the wind) to jump - jumped (an action that is not able to go directly to the object).
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The formation of some personal forms of the verb 1. The verbs to win, convince, find yourself, feel, weird and some others belonging to the so-called insufficient verbs (ie, verbs limited in the formation or use of personal forms), do not form the 1st person singular present-future tense. If it is necessary to use these verbs in the indicated form, a descriptive construction is used, for example: I will be able to win, I want (I strive) to convince, I can find myself, I will try to feel, I will not be weird. They are rarely or almost not used at all in the literary language because of the unusual sounding of the form "bashu" (from basit), "galzhu" (from goldet), "gvozzhu" (to nail), "duzhu" (from pout), "nonsense" ( from nonsense), “blocking” (from blocking), “vacuuming” (from vacuuming), “sucking” (from neighbors), “shkozhu” (from shkodit). Due to phonetic coincidence with the forms from other verbs, such forms as "wake up" (from booze, cf .: wake up from wake up), "hold" (from impudent, cf .: keep from holding), "push" ( from grieve, compare: grieve from grieve) and some others. 2. The verb honor in the 3rd person plural has equal forms of honor - honor, as well as equal forms of the present participle honoring - honoring; Wed Gorky: Both of them honor the memory of her with love. - They are honored, they are obeyed by thousands of people like him. Wed forms of the verb to honor in terms of compatibility: they will honor the memory by standing up, they will honor it, but: they will honor it with the presence. 3. Some verbs (the so-called abounding) form two forms of the present tense, for example: rinse in the presence of normative forms rinse, rinse, rinse, rinse, rinsing has acceptable forms: rinse, rinse, rinse, rinse, rinse. The same ratio of forms for the verbs splash, drip, cluck, wiggle, purr, wave, prowl, etc.
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Formation of some personal forms of the verb 4. The verb to sprinkle in the meaning of "to sprinkle, to sprinkle" has personal forms to spray, splashes (splashes with water, splashes laundry); in the meaning of "scattering drops", "pouring splashes" has personal forms of splashing, splashing (the fountain splashes, splashes with saliva). The verb to move in the meanings "to move by pushing or pulling", "to move, to make movements", "to force to go forward, to direct" has personal forms: move, move (move furniture, move fingers, move troops); in the meanings "to promote develop smth.. "," Cause smb. deeds ”has personal forms moves, moves (driving forces, what drives them!); in the meaning of "set in motion, in action" has parallel personal forms moves - moves (the spring moves / moves the clockwork). The verb to drip in the meaning of "to fall in drops" has parallel personal forms: drip, drip and drop, drip (tears drip, rain drips); in the meaning of "pouring, pouring drops" has personal forms dripping, dripping (dripping the mixture). 5. Some verbs with a prefix form parallel forms of the imperative oblique singular: throw out - throw out, smooth out - smooth out, push out - push out, paint - get out, get out - get out, spit out - spit out, pop out - put out, put out - put out, straighten out - straighten, rash - rash, gape - goggle. But the plural form has no variants and is formed from the second singular form, for example: push it out, paint it out, spit it out, etc. The same ratio of forms in verbs, etc. , flattening have parallel forms in both numbers of the imperative mood: spoil, spoil - spoil, spoil; writhing, writhing - writhing, writhing, etc. Forms look, come out in the presence of normative glances, come out are colloquial, but in a phraseological turn only: take out and put down. The forms of goi (instead of go), both (instead of hug) also have a colloquial character; go (go instead); e, eh forms are unacceptable.
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Variants of specific forms Variants of the imperfect verb with alternation in the root about - and to condition - to condition are equal; the options to concentrate, to daunt are acceptable under the normative to concentrate, to daunt; the options to suspect, to agree are outdated while the normative to suspect, to agree; it is not recommended to use authorize instead of authorize. Species couples slam - slam, trouble - preoccupy, disgrace - disgrace, defame - defame, delay - delay, timed - timed, legitimize - legitimize, etc. preserve the root o. In pairs, climb - climb, see - see, hear - hear, lift - raise the second colloquial vernacular option. Parallel forms of the masculine past tense of verbs with the suffix - numbered - faded, linden - stuck, blind - blind, rejected - rejected, bend - perished, resorted - resorted, terminated - terminated, refuted - refuted, fluff - swollen equal; forms dried out, froze, got wet, faded out, chilled in the presence of normative drying, frost, mock, quenched, chill are acceptable. Variants of the indefinite form of the perfect verbs to reach - to reach, to catch - to overtake, to overtake - to overtake, to comprehend - to comprehend are equal; personal forms of parallel variants do not form and serve both indefinite forms.
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Practical work Using prefixes, form the perfect verbs from imperfective verbs: believe (n.v.) - believe (r.v.). Feel, dine, share, knit, hide, carry, sew, try, melt, believe, see, do, joke, draw, drown, extinguish, learn, take, get scared, torment, remember, wish, be proud, cook.
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Practical work From the perfective verbs, use suffixes to form the imperfective verbs: to be in time (s.v.) - to be in time (n.v.). Open, conquer, prove, cure, withstand, educate, fold, weigh, take into account, point out, ask, rally, get it, push it out.
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Practical work Choose a species pair for the indefinite form of verbs. From each of the verbs form the 1st person singular, designate the form: repeat - repeat (n.v.); repeat - repeat (r.v.). Arrive, enter, take, enter, take out, surrender, learn, rebel, open, transfer, get, get sick, take possession, give, attract, execute, develop, lie down, disappear, invent, avoid, catch up, go out, move, clarify, destroy, mistake, strain, deprive, inflict, hit, repeat, publish, bring.
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Practical work Choose a species pair for the verbs, emphasize alternating consonants, indicate the type. With several species pairs, make up sentences: issue (rv) - issue (nv). invite (s.v.) - invite (n.v.). Invite, protect, supply, accompany, reflect, discuss, compose, appear, resent, meet, thicken, dress up, visit, arrange, warn.
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Practical work Form species pairs from the following verbs. Make suggestions with them. Talk, take, lay, catch, sit down, lie down, stand, find.
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Practical work Write down the verbs in indefinite form. They pose, are lucky, run, bloom, cry, carry, smell, have breakfast, wander, do, introduce, rake, hang, weave, shake, get wet, croak.
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Practical work Replace these phrases with verbs in an indefinite form. Provide assistance Clean the floor of dust Observe Advice Cover with flowers Make a decision
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Practical work Determine the form of the verbs, choose synonyms for them. Write them down indefinitely. They build, amaze, make noise, asked, beat, watch, guard, catch, fantasize, cry, said, burn, shone. Exalt, guard.
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Practical work Replace phraseological units with indefinite verbs. Beat the thumbs Hang up the nose Hang up in the clouds ask the puzzle to hack the nose to wait for the weather by the sea give the floor to tremble like an aspen leaf to write like a chicken paw walk on the head to count the crows in the head nibble the nose talk from three boxes keep in the head peck the nose talk from three boxes hold mouth shut
A verb is a significant part of speech that denotes an action (attitude, state) of an object as a process and expresses it in the form of a kind, voice, mood, time, number, person or gender, acts as a predicate, (personal or conjugated forms) definitions (full participle), circumstances (gerunds) of any member of the sentence, starting with the subject and ending with the infinitive.
The process in grammar is understood broadly. This word means the most diverse activity: action, state, movement, speech, manifestation and change of a sign, intellectual activity, perception, relationships. These groups are not limited to, but the bulk is given. A process involves an action that changes over time. The temporality of an action is the most important characteristic of words related to a verb. All phenomena (words) are capable in their grammatical forms of denoting changes occurring in time (read, read, will read). Morphological features of the verb: conjugation (change in persons and numbers), a large set of morphological features. The verb is distinguished by the most ramified system of grammatical categories. Type and pledge yavl. universal categories. The smallest number of gr cat. har-ny infinitive, gerunds; for participle - type, pledge, time, case, gender, number. Personal or conjugated forms - 6 forms -> it is customary to distinguish 4 forms of the verb: conjugated (personal) in one of the moods, infinitive, participle, participle. Personal make up the core of the system, nevertheless, conjugate. And unharmed. They are combined into a single form of the verb, because have a number of common features: common lexicon. Values (read, read, read), the commonness of species and mortgage formations and meanings (read-read), the common management (I read the book, read the book), the common adverbial distribution (EXPLANATION OF ADMINISTRATION). Conjugate. Forms of Ch. are used exclusively in syntax. The roles of the predicate or predicate. Reason, deer. They can act as a secondary. Members of the proposition, they are called attributive forms. The infinitive has a special place. And-in (unspecified. Form) yavl. An unconjugated, unchangeable form of the ch., But is included in the s-mu verb. Forms, although different. A kind of structure. Semant-ki and-in analogue of them. n. of existing. (catch-catch), but with the general meaning of action, n-e denotes an action as an object, and and-in denotes a process. The inseparable connection between i-va and ch. morphs and synths are supported: expresses species and collateral values, intercept - not interrupt, return - not return. In its origin, and-in is closely related to both the name and the ch .: this is a form of dat-go, local case, singular. h. Verbal noun. Subsequently, the rest of the forms were lost, and the form -> in c-mu Ch. Indefinite - a generalized name for an action, indefinite with tz. person, time, mood, therefore, this generalized meaning makes and-in the initial the form of the chapter .. Especially the originality of the i-va is manifested at the syntactic level. And-in, controlling a noun, combined with an adverb, in a sentence can be any member: it is always useful to learn (compound nominal predicate). Ira cry (in the compound verb predicate and-in will be obligatory !!!) We want to learn. It can also be a minor member: she has a great desire to learn (definition), he made her learn (object addition), She came to study (circumstance of purpose).
